{"title":"Coenzyme A \u0026 Acyl-CoA","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"acetyl-coenzyme-a-trisodium-salt-bhb21200003","title":"Acetyl Coenzyme A, Trisodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetyl Coenzyme A, Trisodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Acetyl CoA, Acetyl-CoA 3Na.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C23H35N7O17P3S · 3Na; 809.57 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Trisodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Acetyl CoA, Acetyl-CoA 3Na.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a vital molecule in cellular metabolism, serving as a central intermediate in various biochemical processes. It is synthesized by the acetylation of Coenzyme A (CoA) through enzymatic reactions involving pyruvate dehydrogenase, ?-oxidation of fatty acids, and amino acid catabolism. The unique structure of Acetyl-CoA, with its reactive acetyl group, allows it to participate in numerous biochemical reactions, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol metabolism, making it an essential cofactor in cellular energy production and biosynthetic pathways (Pietrocola et al., 2015; Shi \u0026amp; Tu, 2015).ApplicationsAcetyl Coenzyme A, Sodium Salt, is widely used in research to study cellular metabolism and enzyme functions, particularly those involving acetylation reactions. It is an important reagent for investigating metabolic pathways such as the TCA cycle, where Acetyl-CoA is a key substrate for citrate synthesis, and for studying fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Researchers utilize Acetyl-CoA Sodium Salt in in vitro assays to understand enzyme mechanisms, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic regulation in he\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725235565,"sku":"A-07-Na3-10MG","price":136.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249731592557,"sku":"A-07-Na3-25MG","price":284.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249731625325,"sku":"A-07-Na3-50MG","price":488.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg","offer_id":53249731658093,"sku":"A-07-Na3-100MG","price":863.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_e2bb162238524094adddb03ffe4a164f_mv2.png?v=1776855585"},{"product_id":"acetyl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200007","title":"Acetyl Coenzyme A, Free Acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetyl Coenzyme A, Free Acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Acetyl-Coenzyme A, Acetyl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C23H38N7O17P3S; 809.57 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Acetyl-Coenzyme A, Acetyl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a vital molecule in cellular metabolism, serving as a central intermediate in various biochemical processes. It is synthesized by the acetylation of Coenzyme A (CoA) through enzymatic reactions involving pyruvate dehydrogenase, ?-oxidation of fatty acids, and amino acid catabolism. The unique structure of Acetyl-CoA, with its reactive acetyl group, allows it to participate in numerous biochemical reactions, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol metabolism, making it an essential cofactor in cellular energy production and biosynthetic pathways (Pietrocola et al., 2015; Shi \u0026amp; Tu, 2015).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725268333,"sku":"A-20-10MG","price":136.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249732936045,"sku":"A-20-25MG","price":284.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249732968813,"sku":"A-20-50MG","price":488.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg","offer_id":53249733001581,"sku":"A-20-100MG","price":863.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_4f88405582024e3db0f4a4e2a4f804d1_mv2.png?v=1776855582"},{"product_id":"acetyl-coenzyme-a-trilithium-salt-bhb21200006","title":"Acetyl Coenzyme A, Trilithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetyl Coenzyme A, Trilithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Acetyl-CoA Li.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C23H35N7O17P3S · 3Li; 809.57 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Trilithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Acetyl-CoA Li.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a central molecule in cellular metabolism, playing a pivotal role in energy production and biosynthesis. It is generated by the acetylation of Coenzyme A (CoA) through key enzymatic processes, including pyruvate decarboxylation by pyruvate dehydrogenase, fatty acid ?-oxidation, and the catabolism of certain amino acids. Acetyl-CoA's reactive acetyl group enables its participation in various biochemical pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol metabolism, making it essential for cellular energy and biosynthetic processes (Pietrocola et al., 2015; Shi \u0026amp; Tu, 2015).ApplicationsAcetyl Coenzyme A, Lithium Salt, is a key reagent used in metabolic research to study enzymatic functions and metabolic pathways involving acetylation. It is utilized in in vitro studies to explore the TCA cycle, where Acetyl-CoA serves as a critical substrate for citrate formation, and in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. It is also essential for examining acetyl-CoA's role in epigenetic regulation, such as histone acetylation, which affects gene expression and cellular differentiation (Pietrocola et al., 2015; Si\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725301101,"sku":"A-08-Li3-10MG","price":136.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249730675053,"sku":"A-08-Li3-25MG","price":284.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249730707821,"sku":"A-08-Li3-50MG","price":488.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg","offer_id":53249730740589,"sku":"A-08-Li3-100MG","price":863.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_46dc8b4e55b840708456f3734e991ddb_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"glutaryl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200034","title":"Glutaryl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutaryl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Glutaryl-CoA Na salt, Glutaryl-CoA sodium salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C26H39N7O19P3S · xNa; 881.63 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Glutaryl-CoA Na salt, Glutaryl-CoA sodium salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutaryl coenzyme A (Glutaryl-CoA) is a crucial intermediate in the mitochondrial catabolism of the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan. Glutaryl CoA plays a significant role in cellular energy metabolism by linking amino acid degradation to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Goodman et al., 2020; Zschocke et al., 2014).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725333869,"sku":"A-34-10MG","price":295.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_43674370f5414c70841114c6701f73ca_mv2.png?v=1776855583"},{"product_id":"valeryl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200016","title":"Valeryl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValeryl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Pentanoyl coenzyme A, Valeryl-CoA, n-Valeryl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C26H41N7O17P3S · xLi; 851.65 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Pentanoyl coenzyme A, Valeryl-CoA, n-Valeryl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValeryl-CoA is a thioester derivative of Coenzyme A involved in fatty acid metabolism. As a medium-chain acyl-CoA, it serves as an intermediate in various metabolic pathways, including the oxidation and elongation of fatty acids and the biosynthesis of complex lipids. Valeryl-CoA is also a substrate for several enzymes involved in energy production and cellular signaling. Its reactive acyl group allows it to participate in diverse biochemical reactions, playing a critical role in cellular energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation (Ellis et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2013).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725366637,"sku":"A-25-10MG","price":363.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_e7fb103aab93444f9747b8ff3b310c55_mv2.png?v=1776855585"},{"product_id":"propionyl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200010","title":"Propionyl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePropionyl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e n-Propionyl CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C24H40N7O17P3S; 823.60 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e n-Propionyl CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePropanoyl Coenzyme A (Propanoyl-CoA), also known as propionyl-CoA, is a three-carbon thioester derivative of Coenzyme A that plays a crucial role in intermediary metabolism. It is formed during the catabolism of odd-chain fatty acids, certain amino acids (such as valine, isoleucine, and methionine), and cholesterol. Propanoyl-CoA serves as an intermediate in the conversion of propionate to succinyl-CoA, a key metabolite in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This pathway is vital for energy production and the gluconeogenic process, linking lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in cells (Horswill \u0026amp; Escalante-Semerena, 1999; Luo et al., 2016).ApplicationsPropanoyl Coenzyme A, Sodium Salt, is commonly used in biochemical and metabolic research to study enzyme activities and metabolic pathways involving short-chain fatty acids. It is particularly valuable for investigating the metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids, amino acid degradation, and their integration into the TCA cycle. Researchers use Propanoyl-CoA Sodium Salt in vitro to analyze metabolic flux, study enzyme kinetics, and understand the regulatory mechanisms of CoA derivatives under normal and pathological conditions (Horswill \u0026amp; E\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725399405,"sku":"A-21-10MG","price":363.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249733493101,"sku":"A-21-25MG","price":681.9,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_eaf91c7cfffc4606ba62fc31510c1645_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"hexanoyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200021","title":"Hexanoyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHexanoyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Caproyl Coenzyme A trilithium salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C27H43N7O17P3S · xLi; 865.68 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Caproyl Coenzyme A trilithium salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHexanoyl coenzyme A (hexanoyl-CoA) is a medium-chain fatty acyl-CoA that serves as a preferred substrate for ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) in enzyme assays, outperforming octanoyl-CoA. GOAT, the enzyme responsible for the acylation of ghrelin, exhibits a higher catalytic efficiency with hexanoyl-CoA, which enhances ghrelin's biological activity in regulating appetite and energy balance. Hexanoyl-CoA acts as a biosynthetic precursor to olivetolic acid, a key intermediate in the production of phytocannabinoids such as cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). This makes hexanoyl-CoA a functionally important molecule in both mammalian metabolism and plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis (Yang et al., 2016; Gagne et al., 2012).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725432173,"sku":"A-26-10MG","price":556.9,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249731068269,"sku":"A-26-25MG","price":988.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_356259fa8e164cbcb40d3e23dbd4aa62_mv2.png?v=1776855585"},{"product_id":"malonyl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200031","title":"Malonyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMalonyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Malonyl-CoA Na salt, Malonyl-CoA sodium salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C24H35N7O19P3S · xNa; 853.58 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Malonyl-CoA Na salt, Malonyl-CoA sodium salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMalonyl Coenzyme A (Malonyl-CoA) is a coenzyme A derivative formed by the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, playing a key role in fatty acid and polyketide synthesis, as well as the transport of ?-ketoglutarate across the mitochondrial membrane. It regulates metabolic processes by inhibiting carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, affecting fatty acid transfer into mitochondria. High levels of malonyl CoA have been associated with cellular processes like cancer cell apoptosis (Pate, 2014; Cadenas et al., 2016).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725464941,"sku":"A-31-10MG","price":261.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249733624173,"sku":"A-31-25MG","price":477.3,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249733656941,"sku":"A-31-50MG","price":693.2,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg","offer_id":53249733689709,"sku":"A-31-100MG","price":1011.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_502656b4868f48d2959ae915a088a8b0_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200001","title":"Coenzyme A, Free Acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoenzyme A, Free Acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Coenzyme A, CoA, CoA-SH, Aluzime, Coalip, Thiol-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C21H36N7O16P3S; 767.53 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Coenzyme A, CoA, CoA-SH, Aluzime, Coalip, Thiol-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoenzyme A (CoA) is a universal metabolic cofactor synthesized from cysteine, pantothenate, and ATP. It is notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle (Leonardi et al., 2005). All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate, and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it, or a thioester form of it, as a substrate (Sibon \u0026amp; Strauss, 2016).ApplicationsCoenzyme A (CoA) Free Acid is widely used in biochemical research and drug development due to its role as a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions, particularly in acyl group transfer processes. It is extensively applied in studies of metabolic pathways, such as the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism, to explore enzyme functions, regulatory mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets (Leonardi et al., 2005). CoA Free Acid is also valuable in drug discovery for evaluating inhibitors or activators of CoA-dependent enzymes, which are crucial for developing treatments for metabolic disorders and infections (Spry et al., 2008).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725497709,"sku":"A-02-10MG","price":51.2,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249731166573,"sku":"A-02-25MG","price":81.3,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249731199341,"sku":"A-02-50MG","price":113.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg","offer_id":53249731232109,"sku":"A-02-100MG","price":162.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/c82f39_2461aa08ef184ed0ba8b5afb2bd570d8_mv2.png?v=1776855582"},{"product_id":"acetyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200005","title":"Acetyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Acetyl-S-CoA Li3, Acetyl-CoA 3Li.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C23H35N7O17P3S · xLi; 809.57 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Acetyl-S-CoA Li3, Acetyl-CoA 3Li.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a central molecule in cellular metabolism, playing a pivotal role in energy production and biosynthesis. It is generated by the acetylation of Coenzyme A (CoA) through key enzymatic processes, including pyruvate decarboxylation by pyruvate dehydrogenase, fatty acid ?-oxidation, and the catabolism of certain amino acids. Acetyl-CoA's reactive acetyl group enables its participation in various biochemical pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol metabolism, making it essential for cellular energy and biosynthetic processes (Pietrocola et al., 2015; Shi \u0026amp; Tu, 2015).ApplicationsAcetyl Coenzyme A, Lithium Salt, is a key reagent used in metabolic research to study enzymatic functions and metabolic pathways involving acetylation. It is utilized in in vitro studies to explore the TCA cycle, where Acetyl-CoA serves as a critical substrate for citrate formation, and in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. It is also essential for examining acetyl-CoA's role in epigenetic regulation, such as histone acetylation, which affects gene expression and cellular differentiation (Pietrocola et al., 2015; Si\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725530477,"sku":"A-08-Li-10MG","price":136.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249732215149,"sku":"A-08-Li-25MG","price":284.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249732247917,"sku":"A-08-Li-50MG","price":488.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg","offer_id":53249732280685,"sku":"A-08-Li-100MG","price":863.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_4769ed26111f43fa8136195e63c43565_mv2.png?v=1776855585"},{"product_id":"palmitoyl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200053","title":"Palmitoyl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePalmitoyl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Coenzyme A, S-hexadecanoate, Palmitoyl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C37H66N7O17P3S; 1005.95 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Coenzyme A, S-hexadecanoate, Palmitoyl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePalmitoyl coenzyme A (Palmitoyl-CoA) is a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA formed by the condensation of hexadecanoic acid's carboxyl group with the thiol group of coenzyme A. Palmitoyl-CoA functions as a metabolite in both Escherichia coli and mice and belongs to several fatty acyl-CoA subclasses, including saturated and 11,12-saturated types (Smith et al., 2003; Fahy et al., 2009).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725596013,"sku":"A-53-10MG","price":488.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249731363181,"sku":"A-53-25MG","price":846.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_3ee71a6f6a5a44a4b3a5c2166954690f_mv2.png?v=1776855585"},{"product_id":"acetoacetyl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200047","title":"Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetoacetyl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Acetoacetyl-CoA, Acetoacetylcoenzyme A.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H40N7O18P3S; 851.61 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Acetoacetyl-CoA, Acetoacetylcoenzyme A.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetoacetyl coenzyme A (Acetoacetyl-CoA) serves as a substrate for enzymes like acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, playing a key role in acetyl-CoA production and the mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis. It is also involved in the biosynthesis of nonactin and serves as a precursor for poly-?-hydroxybutyrate polymers in microorganisms (Rohmer et al., 1993; Khosravi-Darani et al., 2013).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725628781,"sku":"A-47-10MG","price":863.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249732149613,"sku":"A-47-25MG","price":1511.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249732182381,"sku":"A-47-50MG","price":2159.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_ea4d999e0f7045ba8ba2e214a39c812b_mv2.png?v=1776855580"},{"product_id":"glutaryl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200035","title":"Glutaryl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutaryl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Glutaryl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C26H42N7O19P3S; 881.63 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Glutaryl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlutaryl coenzyme A (Glutaryl-CoA) is a crucial intermediate in the mitochondrial catabolism of the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan. Glutaryl CoA plays a significant role in cellular energy metabolism by linking amino acid degradation to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Goodman et al., 2020; Zschocke et al., 2014).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725661549,"sku":"A-35-10MG","price":295.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_3286d30d5fc64dba9ae5b17f49ffea99_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"isobutyryl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200069","title":"Isobutyryl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsobutyryl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e IB-CoA, 2-Methylpropanoyl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H39N7O17P3S · xLi; 837.62 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e IB-CoA, 2-Methylpropanoyl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsobutyryl coenzyme A (Isobutyryl-CoA) is a short-chain branched acyl-CoA that serves as the starter unit for the biosynthesis of myxalamid B and is used to study the specificity and kinetics of isobutyryl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.13). The lithium salt form of isobutyryl coenzyme A enhances its stability and solubility, making it suitable for biochemical assays and research in acyl-CoA metabolism (Berdy, 2005; Stenson, 2008).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725694317,"sku":"A-69-10MG","price":556.9,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_1ae094bb2c4743b89a8a7bda31f7d345_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"acetyl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200004","title":"Acetyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Acetyl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C23H35N7O17P3S · xNa; 809.57 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Acetyl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a vital molecule in cellular metabolism, serving as a central intermediate in various biochemical processes. It is synthesized by the acetylation of Coenzyme A (CoA) through enzymatic reactions involving pyruvate dehydrogenase, ?-oxidation of fatty acids, and amino acid catabolism. The unique structure of Acetyl-CoA, with its reactive acetyl group, allows it to participate in numerous biochemical reactions, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol metabolism, making it an essential cofactor in cellular energy production and biosynthetic pathways (Pietrocola et al., 2015; Shi \u0026amp; Tu, 2015).ApplicationsAcetyl Coenzyme A, Sodium Salt, is widely used in research to study cellular metabolism and enzyme functions, particularly those involving acetylation reactions. It is an important reagent for investigating metabolic pathways such as the TCA cycle, where Acetyl-CoA is a key substrate for citrate synthesis, and for studying fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Researchers utilize Acetyl-CoA Sodium Salt in in vitro assays to understand enzyme mechanisms, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic regulation in he\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725727085,"sku":"A-07-Na-10MG","price":136.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249730969965,"sku":"A-07-Na-25MG","price":284.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249731002733,"sku":"A-07-Na-50MG","price":488.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg","offer_id":53249731035501,"sku":"A-07-Na-100MG","price":863.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_3cbed9bc492b4cf18c444c9e043ec95b_mv2.png?v=1776855580"},{"product_id":"coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200017","title":"Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 98%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e CoA Na2.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C21H33N7O16P3S · xNa · yH2O; 767.53 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 98%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e CoA Na2.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoenzyme A (CoA) is an indispensable and ubiquitous metabolic cofactor for all organisms. It is synthesized in an evolutionarily conserved pathway by enzymatic conjugation of cysteine, pantothenate (Vitamin B5), and ATP. This unique chemical structure allows CoA to employ its highly reactive thiol group for diverse biochemical reactions. CoA is involved in approximately 9% of all metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid regulation, amino acid synthesis, and lipid metabolism (Leonardi et al., 2005; Daugherty et al., 2002).ApplicationsCoenzyme A Sodium Salt is widely used in metabolic research and biochemical studies due to its critical role in various enzymatic reactions and metabolic pathways. It is particularly valuable for investigating the mechanisms of energy production, lipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of key cellular components. Researchers utilize CoA Sodium Salt in studies related to cellular signaling, redox regulation, and metabolic diseases to understand better CoA's regulatory functions and its potential as a therapeutic target (Leonardi et al., 2005; Sibon \u0026amp; Strauss, 2016). Furthermore, its role in fatty acid oxidation and synthesi\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725759853,"sku":"A-17-10MG","price":56.9,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249731264877,"sku":"A-17-25MG","price":93.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249731297645,"sku":"A-17-50MG","price":130.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg","offer_id":53249731330413,"sku":"A-17-100MG","price":188.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/c82f39_3faefec9ea714187b528a38f2d461624_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"isobutyryl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200070","title":"Isobutyryl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsobutyryl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e IB-CoA, 2-Methylpropanoyl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H39N7O17P3S · xNa; 837.62 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e IB-CoA, 2-Methylpropanoyl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsobutyryl coenzyme A (Isobutyryl-CoA) is a short-chain branched acyl-CoA intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites, including the antibiotic myxalamid B. It serves as the starter unit for the biosynthetic pathway of these compounds and is essential for studies of enzymes like isobutyryl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.13), which catalyzes the interconversion of acyl-CoA derivatives. Isobutyryl-CoA is also pivotal in research exploring acyl-CoA metabolism, as it participates in reactions linked to fatty acid elongation and branching (Berdy, 2005; Stenson, 2008).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725792621,"sku":"A-70-10MG","price":556.9,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_e8b2284ac95b47599abbc31d4ea91a8b_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"3-hydroxypropionyl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200078","title":"3-Hydroxypropionyl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-Hydroxypropionyl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e 3-Hydroxypropanoyl-CoA, 3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA, Coenzyme A, S-(3-hydroxypropanoate).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C24H40N7O18P3S; 839.60 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e 3-Hydroxypropanoyl-CoA, 3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA, Coenzyme A, S-(3-hydroxypropanoate).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-Hydroxypropionyl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a CoA thioester derivative involved in intermediary metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53249725825389,"sku":"A-79-1MG","price":909.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg","offer_id":53249732772205,"sku":"A-79-5MG","price":2386.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249732804973,"sku":"A-79-10MG","price":3409.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_5a626924b8a845ceabd685fa4319fea1_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"butyryl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200012","title":"Butyryl Coenzyme A, Lithium Salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButyryl Coenzyme A, Lithium Salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Coenzyme A, S-butanoate, lithium salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H39N7O17P3S · xLi; 837.62 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Coenzyme A, S-butanoate, lithium salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButanoyl Coenzyme A (Butanoyl-CoA), also known as butyryl-CoA, is a thioester of Coenzyme A that plays a crucial role in fatty acid metabolism and energy production. It is formed as an intermediate during the ?-oxidation of fatty acids and serves as a substrate for various enzymes involved in lipid metabolism and biosynthetic pathways. Butanoyl-CoA is important in the synthesis of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that is a key energy source for colonocytes and has significant roles in maintaining gut health and modulating inflammatory responses. It also functions as an acyl donor in the elongation and degradation of fatty acids, making it a critical intermediate in cellular metabolism (Vital et al., 2017; Louis \u0026amp; Flint, 2017).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725858157,"sku":"A-22-10MG","price":363.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_9ab76d5d893840f68f231fdfc174046a_mv2.png?v=1776855582"},{"product_id":"phenylacetyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200048","title":"Phenylacetyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenylacetyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Phenylacetyl CoA-lithium, Phenylacetyl-CoA Li salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C29H39N7O17P3S · xLi; 885.67 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Phenylacetyl CoA-lithium, Phenylacetyl-CoA Li salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenylacetyl coenzyme A (Phenylacetyl-CoA) is used to investigate the mechanisms of the TetR family transcriptional repressor PaaR, which regulates genes involved in phenylacetic acid (PAA) degradation in bacteria like Escherichia coli. Phenylacetyl-CoA binds to PaaR, leading to derepression and activation of the PAA catabolic operon. Phenylacetyl-CoA serves as a substrate for the phenylacetyl-CoA monooxygenase complex, which plays a key role in the breakdown of phenylacetic acid and related aromatic compounds in these bacteria (Grishin et al., 2011; Sakamoto et al., 2011).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725890925,"sku":"A-48-10MG","price":1312.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249734541677,"sku":"A-48-25MG","price":2375.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_7632365c51aa42a88063e3fe4af10527_mv2.png?v=1776855582"},{"product_id":"valeryl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200014","title":"Valeryl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValeryl Coenzyme A, free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Pentanoyl coenzyme A, Valeryl-CoA, n-Valeryl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C26H44N7O17P3S; 851.65 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Pentanoyl coenzyme A, Valeryl-CoA, n-Valeryl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValeryl-CoA is a thioester derivative of Coenzyme A involved in fatty acid metabolism. As a medium-chain acyl-CoA, it serves as an intermediate in various metabolic pathways, including the oxidation and elongation of fatty acids and the biosynthesis of complex lipids. Valeryl-CoA is also a substrate for several enzymes involved in energy production and cellular signaling. Its reactive acyl group allows it to participate in diverse biochemical reactions, playing a critical role in cellular energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation (Ellis et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2013).ApplicationsValeryl CoA, Free Acid, is widely utilized in metabolic research to study fatty acid oxidation and chain elongation processes. It is particularly valuable for examining the role of medium-chain fatty acid metabolism in energy production and cellular function. Researchers use Valeryl-CoA Free Acid in in vitro assays to investigate enzyme kinetics, metabolic flux, and regulatory mechanisms of CoA derivatives in both normal and pathological states (Ellis et al., 2021; Spry et al., 2008). Its involvement in lipid metabolism makes it an important reagent for developing therapeutic strategies for metabolic dis\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725923693,"sku":"A-11-10MG","price":363.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_085995be45744a319a76d846ce1efc3e_mv2.png?v=1776855585"},{"product_id":"5-azido-5-deoxythymidine-bhb21200088","title":"5′-Azido-5′-deoxythymidine","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5'-Azido-5'-deoxythymidine is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Crystalline powder, purity ≥ 98.0%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e 5'-Azido-5'-deoxythymidine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C10H13N5O4; 267.24 g\/mol; ≥ 98.0%.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Crystalline powder.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e 5'-Azido-5'-deoxythymidine.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5'-Azido-5'-deoxythymidine is a synthetic nucleoside analog used in oligonucleotide chemistry and nucleic acid research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRising demand for modified nucleosides in mRNA and antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics development.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e5'-Halogenated derivatives used as mechanism-based probes for structural and enzymological studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhosphoramidite nucleosides central to automated solid-phase DNA\/RNA synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuilding blocks for chemical oligonucleotide synthesis (solid-phase, automated).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSubstrate\/inhibitor characterization for nucleoside kinases, polymerases, and nucleotidases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClick-chemistry probes and bioconjugation via azide or iodo functional handles.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzide-bearing analogs require appropriate safety precautions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDMT-protected derivatives are moisture-sensitive; handle under dry conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVerify protecting group compatibility with your deprotection protocol before use.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725956461,"sku":"B-02-10MG","price":164.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249731920237,"sku":"B-02-25MG","price":289.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249731953005,"sku":"B-02-50MG","price":403.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 mg","offer_id":53249731985773,"sku":"B-02-100MG","price":562.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"250 mg","offer_id":53249732018541,"sku":"B-02-250MG","price":772.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"500 mg","offer_id":53249732051309,"sku":"B-02-500MG","price":841.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 g","offer_id":53249732084077,"sku":"B-02-1G","price":966.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_d2fc3e3b40b542da8c994570d55f513c_mv2.png?v=1776855582"},{"product_id":"4-phosphopantetheine-free-acid-bhb21200073","title":"4′-Phosphopantetheine, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4’-phosphopantetheine, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Phosphopantetheine, Pantetheine phosphate, D-Pantetheine 4′-phosphate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C10H23N2O7PS; 358.35 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Phosphopantetheine, Pantetheine phosphate, D-Pantetheine 4′-phosphate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4'-Phosphopantetheine is a vital intermediate in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, acting as the precursor to both coenzyme A and its derivatives. It is synthesized from pantothenate (Vitamin B5) and is essential for the activation of acyl groups in various biochemical pathways, including fatty acid metabolism. 4'-Phosphopantetheine is also a critical component of the acyl carrier protein (ACP), which plays a key role in the synthesis of fatty acids and polyketides (Strauss, 2010; Zhang et al., 2006).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249725989229,"sku":"A-73-10mg","price":886.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249734082925,"sku":"A-73-25mg","price":1704.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_debdefd4555e449ca2f67611bd3266ec_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"methylmalonyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200039","title":"Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethylmalonyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e α-Methylmalonyl coenzyme A tetralithium salt, MM-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H37N7O19P3S · xLi; 867.61 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e α-Methylmalonyl coenzyme A tetralithium salt, MM-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethylmalonyl coenzyme A (Methylmalonyl-CoA) is a substrate used in studying the specificity and kinetics of enzymes like methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, decarboxylase, and hydrolase. It plays a crucial role in the conversion of certain amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids into succinyl-CoA. Methylmalonyl-CoA is essential for understanding metabolic processes, particularly those related to the citric acid cycle (Fenton et al., 2001; Froese et al., 2013).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726021997,"sku":"A-39-10MG","price":659.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249734017389,"sku":"A-39-25MG","price":1170.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_57d07b26188b415eb8ddc868ea886959_mv2.png?v=1776855582"},{"product_id":"methylmalonyl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200040","title":"Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethylmalonyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Methylmalonyl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H37N7O19P3S · xNa; 867.61 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Methylmalonyl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethylmalonyl coenzyme A (Methylmalonyl-CoA) is a substrate used in studying the specificity and kinetics of enzymes like methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, decarboxylase, and hydrolase. It plays a crucial role in the conversion of certain amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids into succinyl-CoA. Methylmalonyl-CoA is essential for understanding metabolic processes, particularly those related to the citric acid cycle (Fenton et al., 2001; Froese et al., 2013).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726087533,"sku":"A-40-10MG","price":659.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249732411757,"sku":"A-40-25MG","price":1170.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_011d6d10af3c41039bbbe1a685f46642_mv2.png?v=1776855583"},{"product_id":"acetoacetyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200045","title":"Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetoacetyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Acetoacetyl-CoA, Acetoacetylcoenzyme A.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H37N7O18P3S · xLi; 851.61 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Acetoacetyl-CoA, Acetoacetylcoenzyme A.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetoacetyl coenzyme A (Acetoacetyl-CoA) serves as a substrate for enzymes like acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, playing a key role in acetyl-CoA production and the mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis. It is also involved in the biosynthesis of nonactin and serves as a precursor for poly-?-hydroxybutyrate polymers in microorganisms (Rohmer et al., 1993; Khosravi-Darani et al., 2013).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726120301,"sku":"A-45-10MG","price":863.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_3f9622cf5bc94a0d9114e6008e6eace2_mv2.png?v=1776855582"},{"product_id":"succinyl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200038","title":"Succinyl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccinyl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Succinyl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H40N7O19P3S; 867.61 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Succinyl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccinyl coenzyme A (Succinyl-CoA) is a crucial intermediate in the citric acid cycle, formed from ?-ketoglutarate and propionyl CoA. It plays an essential role in heme synthesis and ketone body oxidation. A deficiency in succinyl CoA, often linked to vitamin B?? deficiency, disrupts heme and energy production, leading to neuromotor dysfunction (O'Leary \u0026amp; Samman, 2010; Y?lmaz et al., 2015).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726054765,"sku":"A-38-10MG","price":522.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249731887469,"sku":"A-38-25MG","price":960.3,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_ff6ee9c1a44e49ea91fd5ab201621a06_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"4-4-diphosphopantethine-bhb21200020","title":"4′,4″-Diphosphopantethine","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4’,4’’-Diphosphopantethine is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Phosphopantethine, Pantethine 4′-phosphate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C22H44N4O14P2S2; 714.68 g\/mol; ≥ 95%.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Phosphopantethine, Pantethine 4′-phosphate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4',4''-Diphosphopantethine is a dinucleotide derivative of pantetheine that functions as an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A. It contains two phosphopantetheine moieties connected via a phosphate linkage, which facilitates the transfer of acyl groups in various metabolic processes. This molecule plays a key role in enzymatic reactions involving acyl carrier proteins, supporting the synthesis of fatty acids, polyketides, and other biologically relevant compounds (Jackowski \u0026amp; Rock, 1984; Cronan, 2001).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726153069,"sku":"A-29-10MG","price":886.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249730806125,"sku":"A-29-25MG","price":1704.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_2d43008417e94dff85c6438754a9ce1a_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"2-hydroxybenzoyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200018","title":"2-Hydroxybenzoyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-Hydroxybenzoyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Salicyloyl-CoA, o-Hydroxybenzoyl-coenzyme A.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C28H37N7O18P3S × xLi; 887.14 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Salicyloyl-CoA, o-Hydroxybenzoyl-coenzyme A.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-hydroxybenzoyl Coenzyme A is an important intermediate in the bacterial degradation of aromatic compounds, particularly in the metabolism of benzoate and other related compounds. It is formed through the conjugation of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid with coenzyme A and plays a role in the biosynthesis of various aromatic metabolites. In certain microbial species, 2-hydroxybenzoyl CoA participates in enzymatic reactions that facilitate the breakdown of aromatic rings for energy production and cellular growth (Harwood \u0026amp; Parales, 1996; Gall et al., 2013).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726218605,"sku":"A-18-10MG","price":818.2,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249733067117,"sku":"A-18-25MG","price":1420.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_e64c36aaa9fb40ebab8cf9a4db0b4637_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"isovaleryl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200072","title":"Isovaleryl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsovaleryl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e IV-CoA, Isovaleryl-CoA, 3-Methylbutyryl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C26H44N7O17P3S; 851.65 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e IV-CoA, Isovaleryl-CoA, 3-Methylbutyryl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsovaleryl coenzyme A (Isovaleryl-CoA) is an intermediate in the catabolism of leucine, synthesized from ?-methylbutyric acid by acyl-CoA synthetase. It is converted to methylcrotonyl-CoA by isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase in the leucine catabolism pathway and by isovaleryl-CoA oxidase in the fatty acid ?-oxidation pathway (Kelley et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2015).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726185837,"sku":"A-72-10MG","price":556.9,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_70cba614e6224865a78bf2938905f4cd_mv2.png?v=1776855580"},{"product_id":"phenylacetyl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200049","title":"Phenylacetyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenylacetyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Phenylacetyl-CoA sodium, Phenylacetyl-CoA Na salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C29H39N7O17P3S · xNa; 885.67 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Phenylacetyl-CoA sodium, Phenylacetyl-CoA Na salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenylacetyl coenzyme A (Phenylacetyl-CoA) is used to investigate the mechanisms of the TetR family transcriptional repressor PaaR, which regulates genes involved in phenylacetic acid (PAA) degradation in bacteria like Escherichia coli. Phenylacetyl-CoA binds to PaaR, leading to derepression and activation of the PAA catabolic operon. Phenylacetyl-CoA serves as a substrate for the phenylacetyl-CoA monooxygenase complex, which plays a key role in the breakdown of phenylacetic acid and related aromatic compounds in these bacteria (Grishin et al., 2011; Sakamoto et al., 2011).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726251373,"sku":"A-49-10MG","price":1312.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249733886317,"sku":"A-49-25MG","price":2375.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_a944f26afdc247ceb90de90c7f619192_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"valeryl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200015","title":"Valeryl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValeryl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Pentanoyl coenzyme A, Valeryl-CoA, n-Valeryl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C26H41N7O17P3S · xNa; 851.65 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Pentanoyl coenzyme A, Valeryl-CoA, n-Valeryl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValeryl-CoA is a thioester derivative of Coenzyme A involved in fatty acid metabolism. As a medium-chain acyl-CoA, it serves as an intermediate in various metabolic pathways, including the oxidation and elongation of fatty acids and the biosynthesis of complex lipids. Valeryl-CoA is also a substrate for several enzymes involved in energy production and cellular signaling. Its reactive acyl group allows it to participate in diverse biochemical reactions, playing a critical role in cellular energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation (Ellis et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2013).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726284141,"sku":"A-24-10MG","price":363.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_c5cb38352f594927a188a26d147a1b1f_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"myristoyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200057","title":"Myristoyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMyristoyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e n-Tetradecanoyl Coenzyme A lithium salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C35H59N7O17P3S · xLi; 977.89 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e n-Tetradecanoyl Coenzyme A lithium salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMyristoyl coenzyme A (Myristoyl-CoA) is a conjugate of coenzyme A and myristate, acting as a substrate in the process of protein myristoylation, where the myristoyl group is transferred to the glycine residue at the protein's amino-terminal by N-myristoyl transferase. This modification plays a crucial role in cellular processes and is commonly used in research related to cyclic nucleotides. Myristoyl-CoA is highlighted in studies involving bioactive small molecules and other research areas (Utsumi et al., 2021; Wright et al., 2017).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726316909,"sku":"A-57-10MG","price":522.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249730642285,"sku":"A-57-25MG","price":875.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_edfc1c1e5cce443d8c9d5dc410b1618b_mv2.png?v=1776855582"},{"product_id":"butyryl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200013","title":"Butyryl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButyryl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Butyryl CoA, Butanoyl coenzyme A.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H42N7O17P3S; 837.62 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Butyryl CoA, Butanoyl coenzyme A.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButanoyl Coenzyme A (Butanoyl-CoA), also known as butyryl-CoA, is a thioester of Coenzyme A that plays a crucial role in fatty acid metabolism and energy production. It is formed as an intermediate during the ?-oxidation of fatty acids and serves as a substrate for various enzymes involved in lipid metabolism and biosynthetic pathways. Butanoyl-CoA is important in the synthesis of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that is a key energy source for colonocytes and has significant roles in maintaining gut health and modulating inflammatory responses. It also functions as an acyl donor in the elongation and degradation of fatty acids, making it a critical intermediate in cellular metabolism (Vital et al., 2017; Louis \u0026amp; Flint, 2017).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726349677,"sku":"A-23-10MG","price":363.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_efb4abba3a8f4c4fbf4dd11b43875915_mv2.png?v=1776855581"},{"product_id":"3-dephosphocoenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200028","title":"3′-Dephosphocoenzyme A, Lithium Salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3’-Dephosphocoenzyme A, Lithium Salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Dephospho-CoA, depCoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C21H33N7O13P2S · xLi; 687.55 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Dephospho-CoA, depCoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3'-Dephosphocoenzyme A is a critical intermediate in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, synthesized by CoA synthase and subsequently converted to coenzyme A by dephospho-CoA kinase. It plays a crucial role as a transcription initiator in in vitro transcription studies and belongs to the purine ribonucleoside diphosphates class, which contributes to RNA synthesis and lipid metabolism. 3'-dephospho-CoA is involved in various enzymatic reactions that support the synthesis of coenzyme A and other vital cellular functions (Zhang et al., 2011; Hara et al., 2015).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726382445,"sku":"A-15-10MG","price":488.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_2025b443332745a79176c7c668a2ff7f_mv2.png?v=1776855581"},{"product_id":"hexanoyl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200022","title":"Hexanoyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHexanoyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Caproyl Coenzyme A sodium salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C27H43N7O17P3S · xNa; 865.68 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Caproyl Coenzyme A sodium salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHexanoyl coenzyme A (hexanoyl-CoA) is a medium-chain fatty acyl-CoA that serves as a preferred substrate for ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) in enzyme assays, outperforming octanoyl-CoA. GOAT, the enzyme responsible for the acylation of ghrelin, exhibits a higher catalytic efficiency with hexanoyl-CoA, which enhances ghrelin's biological activity in regulating appetite and energy balance. Hexanoyl-CoA acts as a biosynthetic precursor to olivetolic acid, a key intermediate in the production of phytocannabinoids such as cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). This makes hexanoyl-CoA a functionally important molecule in both mammalian metabolism and plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis (Yang et al., 2016; Gagne et al., 2012).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726415213,"sku":"A-27-10MG","price":556.9,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249733099885,"sku":"A-27-25MG","price":988.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_e54d0cb5bea0495082abceaccdfc1cb0_mv2.png?v=1776855583"},{"product_id":"3-hydroxypropionyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200079","title":"3-Hydroxypropionyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-Hydroxypropionyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e 3-Hydroxypropanoyl-CoA, 3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA, Coenzyme A, S-(3-hydroxypropanoate).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C24H37N7O18P3S · xLi; 839.60 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e 3-Hydroxypropanoyl-CoA, 3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA, Coenzyme A, S-(3-hydroxypropanoate).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-Hydroxypropionyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a CoA thioester derivative involved in intermediary metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53249726447981,"sku":"A-80-1MG","price":909.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg","offer_id":53249731690861,"sku":"A-80-5MG","price":2386.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249731723629,"sku":"A-80-10MG","price":3409.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_a646e5b8f6de4c0dad004d410b3b744b_mv2.png?v=1776855581"},{"product_id":"propionyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200009","title":"Propionyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePropionyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e n-Propionyl CoA lithium salt, Propionyl Coenzyme A Li salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C24H37N7O17P3S · xLi; 823.14 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e n-Propionyl CoA lithium salt, Propionyl Coenzyme A Li salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePropanoyl Coenzyme A (Propanoyl-CoA), also known as propionyl-CoA, is a three-carbon thioester derivative of Coenzyme A that plays a crucial role in intermediary metabolism. It is formed during the catabolism of odd-chain fatty acids, certain amino acids (such as valine, isoleucine, and methionine), and cholesterol. Propanoyl-CoA serves as an intermediate in the conversion of propionate to succinyl-CoA, a key metabolite in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This pathway is vital for energy production and the gluconeogenic process, linking lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in cells (Horswill \u0026amp; Escalante-Semerena, 1999; Luo et al., 2016).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726480749,"sku":"A-12-10MG","price":363.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249734803821,"sku":"A-12-25MG","price":681.9,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_7dac54df0ffe442e90490c0372ae8297_mv2.png?v=1776855586"},{"product_id":"coenzyme-a-oxidized-free-acid-bhb21200024","title":"Coenzyme A oxidized, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoenzyme A oxidized, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e CoA–S-S–CoA, CoA disulfide.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C42H70N14O32P6S2; 1533.05 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e CoA–S-S–CoA, CoA disulfide.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor found in all living organisms, playing a crucial role in various biochemical processes. It is synthesized through the enzymatic conjugation of cysteine, pantothenate (Vitamin B5), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxidized CoA is commonly used to investigate CoA disulfide reductase (CoADR) systems, which regenerate reduced CoA in vivo, and to explore its distinct biological roles within cellular systems (Liu et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2012).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726513517,"sku":"A-05-10MG","price":341.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249732116845,"sku":"A-05-25MG","price":613.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_d05c01e8d83b47829b948df381eaf354_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"3-dephosphocoenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200029","title":"3′-Dephosphocoenzyme A, Sodium Salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3’-Dephosphocoenzyme A, Sodium Salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Dephospho-CoA, depCoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C21H33N7O13P2S · xNa; 687.55 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Dephospho-CoA, depCoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3'-Dephosphocoenzyme A is a critical intermediate in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, synthesized by CoA synthase and subsequently converted to coenzyme A by dephospho-CoA kinase. It plays a crucial role as a transcription initiator in in vitro transcription studies and belongs to the purine ribonucleoside diphosphates class, which contributes to RNA synthesis and lipid metabolism. 3'-dephospho-CoA is involved in various enzymatic reactions that support the synthesis of coenzyme A and other vital cellular functions (Zhang et al., 2011; Hara et al., 2015).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726546285,"sku":"A-14-10MG","price":488.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_0de6180ed2674e0c9438dade1076fc08_mv2.png?v=1776855585"},{"product_id":"coenzyme-a-oxidized-sodium-salt-bhb21200026","title":"Coenzyme A oxidized, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoenzyme A oxidized, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e CoA–S-S–CoA, CoA disulfide.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C42H64N14O32P6S2 · xNa; 1533.05 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e CoA–S-S–CoA, CoA disulfide.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor found in all living organisms, playing a crucial role in various biochemical processes. It is synthesized through the enzymatic conjugation of cysteine, pantothenate (Vitamin B5), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxidized CoA is commonly used to investigate CoA disulfide reductase (CoADR) systems, which regenerate reduced CoA in vivo, and to explore its distinct biological roles within cellular systems (Liu et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2012).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726579053,"sku":"A-04-10MG","price":341.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_4e6a8a9b7b98423882f3b03a3cabb414_mv2.png?v=1776855580"},{"product_id":"succinyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200036","title":"Succinyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccinyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Succinyl-CoA lithium salt, Succinyl-CoA Li salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H37N7O19P3S · xLi; 867.61 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Succinyl-CoA lithium salt, Succinyl-CoA Li salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccinyl coenzyme A (Succinyl-CoA) is a crucial intermediate in the citric acid cycle, formed from ?-ketoglutarate and propionyl CoA. It plays an essential role in heme synthesis and ketone body oxidation. A deficiency in succinyl CoA, often linked to vitamin B?? deficiency, disrupts heme and energy production, leading to neuromotor dysfunction (O'Leary \u0026amp; Samman, 2010; Y?lmaz et al., 2015).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726611821,"sku":"A-36-10MG","price":522.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249733853549,"sku":"A-36-25MG","price":960.3,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_407ca5277b24406fbbb1e43544f76cd6_mv2.png?v=1776855583"},{"product_id":"isobutyryl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200071","title":"Isobutyryl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsobutyryl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Isobutanoyl-CoA, 2-Methylpropionyl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H42N7O17P3S; 837.62 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Isobutanoyl-CoA, 2-Methylpropionyl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsobutyryl coenzyme A (Isobutyryl-CoA) is a short-chain branched acyl-CoA intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites, including the antibiotic myxalamid B. It serves as the starter unit for the biosynthetic pathway of these compounds and is essential for studies of enzymes like isobutyryl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.13), which catalyzes the interconversion of acyl-CoA derivatives. Isobutyryl-CoA is also pivotal in research exploring acyl-CoA metabolism, as it participates in reactions linked to fatty acid elongation and branching (Berdy, 2005; Stenson, 2008).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726644589,"sku":"A-71-10MG","price":556.9,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_ef0962bdd86f4687b77200440e23e01b_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"succinyl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200037","title":"Succinyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccinyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Succinyl-CoA sodium salt, Succinyl-CoA Na salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H37N7O19P3S · xNa; 867.61 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Succinyl-CoA sodium salt, Succinyl-CoA Na salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccinyl coenzyme A (Succinyl-CoA) is a crucial intermediate in the citric acid cycle, formed from ?-ketoglutarate and propionyl CoA. It plays an essential role in heme synthesis and ketone body oxidation. A deficiency in succinyl CoA, often linked to vitamin B?? deficiency, disrupts heme and energy production, leading to neuromotor dysfunction (O'Leary \u0026amp; Samman, 2010; Y?lmaz et al., 2015).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726677357,"sku":"A-37-10MG","price":522.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249730412909,"sku":"A-37-25MG","price":960.3,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_f53bf76c12ca4b29adf4e0ef78de2999_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"palmitoyl-coenzyme-a-lithium-salt-bhb21200051","title":"Palmitoyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePalmitoyl Coenzyme A, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e n-Hexadecanoyl Coenzyme A, Hexadecanoyl coenzyme A.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C37H63N7O17P3S · xLi; 1005.95 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e n-Hexadecanoyl Coenzyme A, Hexadecanoyl coenzyme A.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePalmitoyl coenzyme A lithium salt is a crucial molecule involved in palmitoylation, where palmitate is covalently attached to proteins to facilitate membrane binding and regulate cellular signaling, particularly in G-protein pathways. Palmitoyl-CoA lithium salt has been used in various research applications, including microinjection into amphibian oocytes to study citrate synthase inhibition during egg activation, and in assays for thioesterase I activity and S-palmitoylation of cyclophilin D. It plays a key role in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids and is essential for ?-oxidation, generating acetyl-CoA for energy production (Nishida et al., 2001; Linder et al., 2021).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726710125,"sku":"A-51-10MG","price":488.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249733722477,"sku":"A-51-25MG","price":846.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_813143fc1b4b4eda8cdf4acb5003dc3f_mv2.png?v=1776855581"},{"product_id":"lauroyl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200061","title":"Lauroyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLauroyl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Dodecanoyl-Coenzyme A sodium salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C33H55N7O17P3S · xNa; 949.84 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Dodecanoyl-Coenzyme A sodium salt.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLauroyl coenzyme A (Lauroyl-CoA) is a long-chain saturated fatty acyl-CoA that acts as a key intermediate in lipid metabolic pathways, contributing to lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid transport. Lauroyl-CoA functions as a substrate for FAM34A family proteins and is generated as a product in firefly luciferase-catalyzed reactions (Ohno et al., 2005; Yamamoto et al., 2006).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726742893,"sku":"A-61-10MG","price":522.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249732313453,"sku":"A-61-25MG","price":875.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249732346221,"sku":"A-61-50MG","price":1295.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_30565fd9e8d24672be11e1e092fb57c1_mv2.png?v=1776855584"},{"product_id":"butyryl-coenzyme-a-sodium-salt-bhb21200011","title":"Butyryl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButyryl Coenzyme A, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Butanoyl Coenzyme A, Butyryl-CoA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C25H39N7O17P3S · xNa; 837.16 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Butanoyl Coenzyme A, Butyryl-CoA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButanoyl Coenzyme A (Butanoyl-CoA), also known as butyryl-CoA, is a thioester of Coenzyme A that plays a crucial role in fatty acid metabolism and energy production. It is formed as an intermediate during the ?-oxidation of fatty acids and serves as a substrate for various enzymes involved in lipid metabolism and biosynthetic pathways. Butanoyl-CoA is important in the synthesis of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that is a key energy source for colonocytes and has significant roles in maintaining gut health and modulating inflammatory responses. It also functions as an acyl donor in the elongation and degradation of fatty acids, making it a critical intermediate in cellular metabolism (Vital et al., 2017; Louis \u0026amp; Flint, 2017).ApplicationsButanoyl Coenzyme A, Sodium Salt, is widely used in biochemical research to study lipid metabolism and enzymatic processes involving acyl-CoA derivatives. It is particularly valuable in studies focused on fatty acid oxidation, biosynthesis, and chain elongation, as well as the regulation of metabolic pathways that generate energy from fatty acids. Researchers also use Butanoyl-CoA Sodium Salt in in vitro assays to investigate the role of butyrate\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726775661,"sku":"A-10-10MG","price":363.7,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_e5567b466b3c438cb3fcd5069bff3b9e_mv2.png?v=1776855582"},{"product_id":"lauroyl-coenzyme-a-free-acid-bhb21200062","title":"Lauroyl Coenzyme A, Free acid","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLauroyl Coenzyme A, Free acid is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Lauroyl-CoA, Dodecanoyl-CoA, Lauryl-CoA, Dodecanoyl coenzyme A.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C33H58N7O17P3S; 949.84 g\/mol; ≥ 95%. The Free Acid form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lauroyl-CoA, Dodecanoyl-CoA, Lauryl-CoA, Dodecanoyl coenzyme A.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLauroyl coenzyme A (Lauroyl-CoA) is a long-chain saturated fatty acyl-CoA that acts as a key intermediate in lipid metabolic pathways, contributing to lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid transport. Lauroyl-CoA functions as a substrate for FAM34A family proteins and is generated as a product in firefly luciferase-catalyzed reactions (Ohno et al., 2005; Yamamoto et al., 2006).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726808429,"sku":"A-62-10MG","price":522.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249732444525,"sku":"A-62-25MG","price":875.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mg","offer_id":53249732477293,"sku":"A-62-50MG","price":1295.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_733e3c79ce904e9b9914f29dd6e6beba_mv2.png?v=1776855581"},{"product_id":"coenzyme-a-oxidized-lithium-salt-bhb21200025","title":"Coenzyme A oxidized, Lithium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoenzyme A oxidized, Lithium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e CoA–S-S–CoA, CoA disulfide.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C42H64N14O32P6S2 · xLi; 1533.05 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Lithium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e CoA–S-S–CoA, CoA disulfide.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor found in all living organisms, playing a crucial role in various biochemical processes. It is synthesized through the enzymatic conjugation of cysteine, pantothenate (Vitamin B5), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxidized CoA is commonly used to investigate CoA disulfide reductase (CoADR) systems, which regenerate reduced CoA in vivo, and to explore its distinct biological roles within cellular systems (Liu et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2012).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726841197,"sku":"A-06-10MG","price":341.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/53dbfa_1bd2edc9e54f4c72b755050949e049ee_mv2.png?v=1776855581"},{"product_id":"4-phosphopantetheine-sodium-salt-bhb21200019","title":"4′-Phosphopantetheine, Sodium salt","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4’-phosphopantetheine, Sodium salt is a biochemical supplied by Coenza for use in enzymology and metabolic research. Available as Lyophilized powder, purity ≥ 95%, suitable for in vitro assays and pathway studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/em\u003e Phosphopantetheine, Pantetheine phosphate, D-Pantetheine 4′-phosphate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey Elements and Design Rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormula \/ MW \/ Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e C10H23N2O7PS · xNa; 358.35 g\/mol (free acid basis); ≥ 95%. The Sodium salt form provides enhanced aqueous stability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm \/ Solubility:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder; Soluble in water.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Phosphopantetheine, Pantetheine phosphate, D-Pantetheine 4′-phosphate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Biosynthetic synthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4'-Phosphopantetheine is a vital intermediate in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, acting as the precursor to both coenzyme A and its derivatives. It is synthesized from pantothenate (Vitamin B5) and is essential for the activation of acyl groups in various biochemical pathways, including fatty acid metabolism. 4'-Phosphopantetheine is also a critical component of the acyl carrier protein (ACP), which plays a key role in the synthesis of fatty acids and polyketides (Strauss, 2010; Zhang et al., 2006).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcyl-CoA metabolism increasingly linked to histone acylation marks and epigenetic regulation in cancer and metabolic disease research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing interest in short-chain fatty acid CoA thioesters as mediators of gut microbiome–host metabolic crosstalk.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA-dependent enzymes investigated as drug targets in infectious disease and neurometabolic disorder research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnzyme kinetics assays — direct substrate for acyltransferases, thiolases, and dehydrogenases.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic flux analysis — isotope-labeled variants available for stable-isotope tracing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro pathway reconstitution for fatty acid β-oxidation, TCA cycle, or polyketide biosynthesis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiochemical characterization of CoA-binding proteins by activity assays or binding measurements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoA thioesters hydrolyze at neutral–alkaline pH; prepare working solutions fresh and keep on ice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDifferent salt forms share the same core structure — normalize concentrations using the free-acid MW when comparing across forms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiol oxidation may occur upon air exposure; use under inert atmosphere or with reducing agents where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Coenza","offers":[{"title":"10 mg","offer_id":53249726873965,"sku":"A-19-10MG","price":886.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"25 mg","offer_id":53249734279533,"sku":"A-19-10MG","price":1704.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/fc74bc_9704c5e3d2b24827b4d218e501f54e15_mv2.png?v=1776855584"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/collections\/coenzyme-a-acyl-coa.oembed","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}