{"title":"Energy Metabolism","description":"Antibodies and proteins for cellular energy production and expenditure — AMPK, UCP1–3, PPAR\/PGC-1, TFAM, NRF1, and ATP-synthase subunits.","products":[{"product_id":"recombinant-human-ucp1-bhp10800715","title":"Recombinant Human UCP1","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUCP1\u003c\/strong\u003e is used in \u003cstrong\u003eresearch use only (RUO)\u003c\/strong\u003e settings as a defined recombinant protein reagent. Bench researchers commonly leverage recombinant proteins to create controlled experimental conditions for mechanistic studies, assay development, interaction mapping, and quantitative benchmarking across model systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/strong\u003e mitochondrial brown fat uncoupling protein, Mitochondrial brown fat uncoupling protein 1, SLC25A7, Solute carrier family 25 member 7, Thermogenin, UCP.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological significance and function\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUCP1\u003c\/strong\u003e is studied in RUO research to understand \u003cstrong\u003emetabolic pathway regulation, energy homeostasis, and cellular bioenergetics\u003c\/strong\u003e and related molecular pathways. recombinant proteins are used as defined reagents to support mechanistic experiments, interaction mapping, and assay development in controlled settings.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMechanistically, researchers often analyze how UCP1 participates in pathway networks through molecular interactions, localization, and regulated activity. Depending on the target class, this can involve receptor-mediated signaling, enzymatic catalysis, complex assembly, or structural organization that shapes downstream cellular phenotypes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch relevance:\u003c\/strong\u003e RUO studies frequently connect UCP1 to perturbations such as immune stimulation, stress signaling, differentiation cues, metabolic remodeling, or engineered genetic modulation—then interpret downstream readouts using complementary pathway markers.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMolecular characteristics\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular features matter in RUO experiments:\u003c\/strong\u003e domain boundaries, oligomerization state, and PTM sensitivity can influence binding behavior, stability, and functional readouts in vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSource species:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConstruct \/ expression region:\u003c\/strong\u003e aa 1-183\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApprox. molecular weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 39 kDa\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 10 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl with 5% trehalose, pH 7.4.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReconstitution:\u003c\/strong\u003e Centrifuge the vial before opening, reconstitute in sterile distilled water to a concentration of 0.1-1 mg\/ml by gently pipetting 2-3 times, don't vortex.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePTM considerations:\u003c\/strong\u003e Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can influence stability, binding, and activity for many proteins. Whether PTMs are present depends on expression system and protein class. Prokaryotic expression typically yields non-glycosylated protein; consider whether eukaryotic PTMs are required for your assay context.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExpression and purification strategy\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e This protein is produced in a \u003cstrong\u003eprokaryotic (E. coli)\u003c\/strong\u003e system, which typically yields a defined, non-glycosylated form. This can be advantageous for mechanistic studies, binding assays, and antigen\/standard use where mammalian PTMs are not required.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurification transparency (research credibility):\u003c\/strong\u003e In research-grade recombinant protein production, constructs are commonly purified via affinity and polishing steps (e.g., chromatography) to reduce contaminants and improve batch-to-batch consistency. When present, affinity tags (e.g., His\/GST\/Fc) can simplify purification; tag presence or removal can influence certain binding or structural assays.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForm and handling context:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized proteins are frequently used in RUO labs to support stability during storage and shipment, while formulation components and reconstitution conditions can impact solubility and aggregation—important considerations when comparing studies across publications.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch interpretation:\u003c\/strong\u003e In experimental systems, changes involving \u003cstrong\u003eUCP1\u003c\/strong\u003e may reflect shifts in upstream regulation, protein stability, or interaction networks. published studies commonly emphasize combining multiple readouts to interpret mechanism rather than relying on a single measurement.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsing recombinant protein as a defined reagent:\u003c\/strong\u003e recombinant UCP1 is commonly used as a quantitative input for assay calibration, antibody\/ligand binding studies, pathway reconstitution, and controlled perturbation experiments. Researchers often consider isoforms, fragments, or construct boundaries when comparing results across studies.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Fine Test","offers":[{"title":"50 ug","offer_id":53013942894957,"sku":"P1248-50UG","price":455.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"200 ug","offer_id":53013942927725,"sku":"P1248-200UG","price":910.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53013942960493,"sku":"P1248-1MG","price":2730.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/E8_9B_8B_E7_99_BD_f42da432-a491-43eb-a73b-ed4f3dbdec6a.jpg?v=1770539495"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-nrf1-bhp10801541","title":"Recombinant Human NRF1","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNRF1\u003c\/strong\u003e is used in \u003cstrong\u003eresearch use only (RUO)\u003c\/strong\u003e settings as a defined recombinant protein reagent. Bench researchers commonly leverage recombinant proteins to create controlled experimental conditions for mechanistic studies, assay development, interaction mapping, and quantitative benchmarking across model systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/strong\u003e ALPHA PAL, NRF 1, NRF1, NRF1\/nuclear respiratory factor 1, nuclear respiratory factor 1.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological significance and function\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNRF1\u003c\/strong\u003e is studied in RUO research to understand \u003cstrong\u003eneuronal signaling, synaptic biology, and neuroinflammation in experimental models; metabolic pathway regulation, energy homeostasis, and cellular bioenergetics; chromatin regulation, transcriptional control, and histone modification biology\u003c\/strong\u003e and related molecular pathways. recombinant proteins are used as defined reagents to support mechanistic experiments, interaction mapping, and assay development in controlled settings.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMechanistically, researchers often analyze how NRF1 participates in pathway networks through molecular interactions, localization, and regulated activity. Depending on the target class, this can involve receptor-mediated signaling, enzymatic catalysis, complex assembly, or structural organization that shapes downstream cellular phenotypes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch relevance:\u003c\/strong\u003e RUO studies frequently connect NRF1 to perturbations such as immune stimulation, stress signaling, differentiation cues, metabolic remodeling, or engineered genetic modulation—then interpret downstream readouts using complementary pathway markers.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMolecular characteristics\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular features matter in RUO experiments:\u003c\/strong\u003e domain boundaries, oligomerization state, and PTM sensitivity can influence binding behavior, stability, and functional readouts in vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSource species:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConstruct \/ expression region:\u003c\/strong\u003e aa 216-368\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApprox. molecular weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 37.4 kDa\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 10 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl with 5% trehalose, pH 7.4.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReconstitution:\u003c\/strong\u003e Centrifuge the vial before opening, reconstitute in sterile distilled water to a concentration of 0.1-1 mg\/ml by gently pipetting 2-3 times, don't vortex.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePTM considerations:\u003c\/strong\u003e Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can influence stability, binding, and activity for many proteins. Whether PTMs are present depends on expression system and protein class. Prokaryotic expression typically yields non-glycosylated protein; consider whether eukaryotic PTMs are required for your assay context.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExpression and purification strategy\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e This protein is produced in a \u003cstrong\u003eprokaryotic (E. coli)\u003c\/strong\u003e system, which typically yields a defined, non-glycosylated form. This can be advantageous for mechanistic studies, binding assays, and antigen\/standard use where mammalian PTMs are not required.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurification transparency (research credibility):\u003c\/strong\u003e In research-grade recombinant protein production, constructs are commonly purified via affinity and polishing steps (e.g., chromatography) to reduce contaminants and improve batch-to-batch consistency. When present, affinity tags (e.g., His\/GST\/Fc) can simplify purification; tag presence or removal can influence certain binding or structural assays.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForm and handling context:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized proteins are frequently used in RUO labs to support stability during storage and shipment, while formulation components and reconstitution conditions can impact solubility and aggregation—important considerations when comparing studies across publications.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch interpretation:\u003c\/strong\u003e In experimental systems, changes involving \u003cstrong\u003eNRF1\u003c\/strong\u003e may reflect shifts in upstream regulation, protein stability, or interaction networks. published studies commonly emphasize combining multiple readouts to interpret mechanism rather than relying on a single measurement.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsing recombinant protein as a defined reagent:\u003c\/strong\u003e recombinant NRF1 is commonly used as a quantitative input for assay calibration, antibody\/ligand binding studies, pathway reconstitution, and controlled perturbation experiments. Researchers often consider isoforms, fragments, or construct boundaries when comparing results across studies.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Fine Test","offers":[{"title":"50 ug","offer_id":53014023340397,"sku":"P2360-50UG","price":455.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"200 ug","offer_id":53014023373165,"sku":"P2360-200UG","price":910.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53014023405933,"sku":"P2360-1MG","price":2730.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/E8_9B_8B_E7_99_BD_3411b18a-cbce-4cf6-a1c1-88f44a96bcaa.jpg?v=1770539778"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-ucp3-bhp10802237","title":"Recombinant Human UCP3","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUCP3\u003c\/strong\u003e is used in \u003cstrong\u003eresearch use only (RUO)\u003c\/strong\u003e settings as a defined recombinant protein reagent. Bench researchers commonly leverage recombinant proteins to create controlled experimental conditions for mechanistic studies, assay development, interaction mapping, and quantitative benchmarking across model systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/strong\u003e SLC25A9, UCP 3, UCP3.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological significance and function\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUCP3\u003c\/strong\u003e is studied in RUO research to understand \u003cstrong\u003emetabolic pathway regulation, energy homeostasis, and cellular bioenergetics\u003c\/strong\u003e and related molecular pathways. recombinant proteins are used as defined reagents to support mechanistic experiments, interaction mapping, and assay development in controlled settings.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMechanistically, researchers often analyze how UCP3 participates in pathway networks through molecular interactions, localization, and regulated activity. Depending on the target class, this can involve receptor-mediated signaling, enzymatic catalysis, complex assembly, or structural organization that shapes downstream cellular phenotypes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch relevance:\u003c\/strong\u003e RUO studies frequently connect UCP3 to perturbations such as immune stimulation, stress signaling, differentiation cues, metabolic remodeling, or engineered genetic modulation—then interpret downstream readouts using complementary pathway markers.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMolecular characteristics\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular features matter in RUO experiments:\u003c\/strong\u003e domain boundaries, oligomerization state, and PTM sensitivity can influence binding behavior, stability, and functional readouts in vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSource species:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConstruct \/ expression region:\u003c\/strong\u003e aa 1-207\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApprox. molecular weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 43.0 kDa\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 10 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl with 5% trehalose, pH 7.4.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReconstitution:\u003c\/strong\u003e Centrifuge the vial before opening, reconstitute in sterile distilled water to a concentration of 0.1-1 mg\/ml by gently pipetting 2-3 times, don't vortex.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePTM considerations:\u003c\/strong\u003e Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can influence stability, binding, and activity for many proteins. Whether PTMs are present depends on expression system and protein class. Prokaryotic expression typically yields non-glycosylated protein; consider whether eukaryotic PTMs are required for your assay context.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExpression and purification strategy\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e This protein is produced in a \u003cstrong\u003eprokaryotic (E. coli)\u003c\/strong\u003e system, which typically yields a defined, non-glycosylated form. This can be advantageous for mechanistic studies, binding assays, and antigen\/standard use where mammalian PTMs are not required.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurification transparency (research credibility):\u003c\/strong\u003e In research-grade recombinant protein production, constructs are commonly purified via affinity and polishing steps (e.g., chromatography) to reduce contaminants and improve batch-to-batch consistency. When present, affinity tags (e.g., His\/GST\/Fc) can simplify purification; tag presence or removal can influence certain binding or structural assays.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForm and handling context:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized proteins are frequently used in RUO labs to support stability during storage and shipment, while formulation components and reconstitution conditions can impact solubility and aggregation—important considerations when comparing studies across publications.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch interpretation:\u003c\/strong\u003e In experimental systems, changes involving \u003cstrong\u003eUCP3\u003c\/strong\u003e may reflect shifts in upstream regulation, protein stability, or interaction networks. published studies commonly emphasize combining multiple readouts to interpret mechanism rather than relying on a single measurement.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsing recombinant protein as a defined reagent:\u003c\/strong\u003e recombinant UCP3 is commonly used as a quantitative input for assay calibration, antibody\/ligand binding studies, pathway reconstitution, and controlled perturbation experiments. Researchers often consider isoforms, fragments, or construct boundaries when comparing results across studies.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Fine Test","offers":[{"title":"50 ug","offer_id":53014089498989,"sku":"P8175-50UG","price":650.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"200 ug","offer_id":53014089531757,"sku":"P8175-200UG","price":1300.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53014089564525,"sku":"P8175-1MG","price":3900.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/E8_9B_8B_E7_99_BD_fbe6bd7c-9b39-439a-8643-63528798a409.jpg?v=1770539988"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-tfam-bhp10804423","title":"Recombinant Human TFAM","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTFAM\u003c\/strong\u003e is used in \u003cstrong\u003eresearch use only (RUO)\u003c\/strong\u003e settings as a defined recombinant protein reagent. Bench researchers commonly leverage recombinant proteins to create controlled experimental conditions for mechanistic studies, assay development, interaction mapping, and quantitative benchmarking across model systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlso known as:\u003c\/strong\u003e anscription factor 6-like 1, Mitochondrial transcription factor 1, mitochondrial transcription factor A, MtTF1, mtTFA, TCF 6.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological significance and function\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTFAM\u003c\/strong\u003e is often investigated in RUO gene regulation research for its role in transcriptional control and protein–DNA\/protein–protein interactions. Recombinant regulatory proteins are commonly used in binding assays, complex reconstitution, and mechanistic studies linking signaling to transcriptional outputs.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMechanistically, researchers often analyze how TFAM participates in pathway networks through molecular interactions, localization, and regulated activity. Depending on the target class, this can involve receptor-mediated signaling, enzymatic catalysis, complex assembly, or structural organization that shapes downstream cellular phenotypes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch relevance:\u003c\/strong\u003e RUO studies frequently connect TFAM to perturbations such as immune stimulation, stress signaling, differentiation cues, metabolic remodeling, or engineered genetic modulation—then interpret downstream readouts using complementary pathway markers.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMolecular characteristics\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular features matter in RUO experiments:\u003c\/strong\u003e domain boundaries, oligomerization state, and PTM sensitivity can influence binding behavior, stability, and functional readouts in vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSource species:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConstruct \/ expression region:\u003c\/strong\u003e aa 43-246\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApprox. molecular weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 22.3 kDa\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized powder\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution of 10 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl with 5% trehalose, pH 7.4.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReconstitution:\u003c\/strong\u003e Centrifuge the vial before opening, reconstitute in sterile distilled water to a concentration of 0.1-1 mg\/ml by gently pipetting 2-3 times, don't vortex.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePTM considerations:\u003c\/strong\u003e Regulatory proteins often engage in PTM-driven control (e.g., phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination) that affects localization and partner binding. Recombinant constructs may model only a subset of these states. Prokaryotic expression typically yields non-glycosylated protein; consider whether eukaryotic PTMs are required for your assay context.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExpression and purification strategy\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e This protein is produced in a \u003cstrong\u003eprokaryotic (E. coli)\u003c\/strong\u003e system, which typically yields a defined, non-glycosylated form. This can be advantageous for mechanistic studies, binding assays, and antigen\/standard use where mammalian PTMs are not required.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurification transparency (research credibility):\u003c\/strong\u003e In research-grade recombinant protein production, constructs are commonly purified via affinity and polishing steps (e.g., chromatography) to reduce contaminants and improve batch-to-batch consistency. When present, affinity tags (e.g., His\/GST\/Fc) can simplify purification; tag presence or removal can influence certain binding or structural assays.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForm and handling context:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilized proteins are frequently used in RUO labs to support stability during storage and shipment, while formulation components and reconstitution conditions can impact solubility and aggregation—important considerations when comparing studies across publications.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch interpretation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Transcription factors often act through multi-protein complexes and context-specific DNA binding. Researchers typically interpret \u003cstrong\u003eTFAM\u003c\/strong\u003e-related findings alongside chromatin state, cofactor availability, and downstream gene-expression signatures described in research studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsing recombinant protein as a defined reagent:\u003c\/strong\u003e recombinant TFAM is commonly used as a quantitative input for assay calibration, antibody\/ligand binding studies, pathway reconstitution, and controlled perturbation experiments. Researchers often consider isoforms, fragments, or construct boundaries when comparing results across studies.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Fine Test","offers":[{"title":"50 ug","offer_id":53014313337197,"sku":"P5603-50UG","price":455.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"200 ug","offer_id":53014313369965,"sku":"P5603-200UG","price":910.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53014313402733,"sku":"P5603-1MG","price":2730.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/E8_9B_8B_E7_99_BD_9f2fe2e8-7b92-4342-9a54-edc44a3198db.jpg?v=1770540689"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-atp-synthase-mitochondrial-fo-complex-subunit-d-bhp11002864","title":"Recombinant Human ATP Synthase Mitochondrial Fo Complex Subunit D","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecombinant Human ATP Synthase Mitochondrial Fo Complex Subunit D\u003c\/strong\u003e is supplied as a recombinant protein for in vitro research use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBackground\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eATP5H is a member of the ATPase d subunit family and encodes the d subunit of the F0 complex. Electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain create a proton gradient across the membrane which induces ATP5H to transform ADP to ATP. Two alternatively spliced isoforms of ATP5H, encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 17q25.1, are known. ATP5H is restricted to mitochondrial inner membrane.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProduct format\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvided as a recombinant protein suitable for in vitro workflows such as binding studies, screening, and assay development. Refer to the specifications table for expression format and molecular properties.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ProSpec-Tany TechnoGene Ltd","offers":[{"title":"2 ug","offer_id":53038093893997,"sku":"pro-1631-2UG","price":61.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"10 ug","offer_id":53038370881901,"sku":"pro-1631-10UG","price":149.35,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53038370914669,"sku":"pro-1631-1MG","price":5356.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/Prospecbio-atp5h-human-PRO-1631.png?v=1782158223"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-atp-synthase-gamma-chain-mitochondria-bhp11002863","title":"Recombinant Human ATP Synthase Gamma Chain, Mitochondria","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecombinant Human ATP Synthase Gamma Chain, Mitochondria\u003c\/strong\u003e is supplied as a recombinant protein for in vitro research use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBackground\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform L (liver) (ATP5C1) is a member of the ATPase gamma chain family. ATP5C1 catalyzes ATP synthesis by using an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane throughout oxidative phosphorylation. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase is comprised of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) gathered with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProduct format\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvided as a recombinant protein suitable for in vitro workflows such as binding studies, screening, and assay development. Refer to the specifications table for expression format and molecular properties.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ProSpec-Tany TechnoGene Ltd","offers":[{"title":"5 ug","offer_id":53038094254445,"sku":"pro-1494-5UG","price":61.8,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53038371209581,"sku":"pro-1494-20UG","price":149.35,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53038371242349,"sku":"pro-1494-1MG","price":2781.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/Prospecbio-atp5c1-human-PRO-1494.png?v=1782158222"},{"product_id":"ampk-antibody-prkaa1-bha17100139","title":"AMPK Antibody \/ PRKAA1","description":"\u003cp\u003ePRKAA1 belongs to the ser\/thr protein kinase family. It is the catalytic subunit of the 5'-prime-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a cellular energy sensor conserved in all eukaryotic cells. The kinase activity of AMPK is activated by the stimuli that increase the cellular AMP\/ATP ratio. AMPK regulates the activities of a number of key metabolic enzymes through phosphorylation. It protects cells from stresses that cause ATP depletion by switching off ATP-consuming biosynthetic pathways.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat:\u003c\/strong\u003e Antigen affinity purified\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"In 1X PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.09% sodium azide \/ 0.08 ml","offer_id":53042858033517,"sku":"F40150-0.08ML","price":211.15,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"In 1X PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.09% sodium azide \/ 0.4 ml","offer_id":53042942443885,"sku":"F40150-0.4ML","price":452.17,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_e864f897-43f7-49b0-84b0-ebec1a8ace27.jpg?v=1771923600"},{"product_id":"pparg-antibody-ppar-gamma-bha17101436","title":"PPARG Antibody \/ PPAR gamma","description":"\u003cp\u003ePPARG is a nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses. Plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of ARNTL\/BMAL1 in the blood vessels (By similarity). 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Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat:\u003c\/strong\u003e Antigen affinity purified\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"In 1X PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.09% sodium azide \/ 0.08 ml","offer_id":53042922094957,"sku":"F52603-0.08ML","price":211.15,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"In 1X PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.09% sodium azide \/ 0.4 ml","offer_id":53043003392365,"sku":"F52603-0.4ML","price":452.17,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_97537ea2-f79e-4199-8549-66c135778d07.jpg?v=1771923977"},{"product_id":"ppara-antibody-ppar-alpha-bha17102807","title":"PPARA Antibody \/ PPAR alpha","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPARA antibody supplied as a purified reagent for IHC-P, IF, FACS, WB in Human, Mouse samples. This product is a monoclonal (mouse origin) antibody (host: Mouse; isotype: Mouse IgG1, kappa) intended for research use only. The target is commonly annotated with nuclear localization context, which may inform staining patterns.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Monoclonal (mouse origin); host Mouse; isotype Mouse IgG1, kappa; clone 1331CT894.186.143.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat and purification:\u003c\/strong\u003e format: Purified; purity: Protein G affinity.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e Human, Mouse.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications (listed):\u003c\/strong\u003e IHC-P, IF, FACS, WB.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e A recombinant human protein was used as the immunogen for the PPARA antibody..\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLocalization:\u003c\/strong\u003e Nuclear (annotation-level guidance; cell state and isoforms can shift patterns).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese attributes help you align the antibody with the biological question (target state, sample type, and readout) while keeping interpretation grounded in appropriate controls.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPARA is the intended antigen for this primary antibody. Reported biological context includes: Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Subcellular localization information (Nuclear) can be useful when interpreting IF\/ICC patterns and selecting compartment-enriched lysates for WB.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003ePost-translational modification mapping: phosphorylation-site–resolved antibodies are used to connect signaling inputs to target activation states and downstream readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSpatial and single-cell approaches: imaging-based and cytometry workflows increasingly quantify heterogeneity and relocalization rather than only bulk abundance.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eInteraction-centric biology: IP-based enrichment and proteomics are widely used to define complexes, binding partners, and context-specific interactomes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eIHC-P: commonly used to measure relative target levels or localization changes in the context of the experimental question.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eImmunofluorescence (IF): visualize localization and co-localization patterns in cells or tissues.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eFACS: commonly used to measure relative target levels or localization changes in the context of the experimental question.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eWestern blot (WB): compare relative abundance\/isoform patterns across conditions and sample types; band shifts may reflect processing or post-translational modification.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these readouts, differences in signal intensity, localization, or complex enrichment are typically interpreted alongside sample-matched controls and independent evidence to distinguish regulation from technical variation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eIsoforms, cleavage products, or post-translational modifications can alter apparent molecular weight and subcellular distribution; interpret bands and staining patterns in the context of expected biology and sample preparation.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSpecies differences and epitope conservation may affect binding; use matched positive controls and orthogonal evidence when comparing across organisms.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include appropriate isotype and secondary-only controls (for imaging), and consider genetic perturbations (knockout\/knockdown\/overexpression) or independent antibodies targeting distinct epitopes to strengthen conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpitope context is defined by the immunogen description; when available, align this with known domains, PTM sites, or family homology to anticipate potential cross-reactivity patterns. As a monoclonal antibody, binding is driven by a single epitope, which can support consistent recognition but may be sensitive to epitope masking by PTMs or conformational changes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry (Q07869) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/Q07869\/entry - NCBI Gene search (PPARA) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=PPARA - Ensembl search (PPARA) — Ensembl — https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=PPARA - PubMed search (PPARA) — NLM — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=PPARA - Reactome pathway search (PPARA) — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=PPARA --\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"In 1X PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.09% sodium azide \/ 0.08 ml","offer_id":53043217138029,"sku":"F54334-0.08ML","price":211.15,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"In 1X PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.09% sodium azide \/ 0.4 ml","offer_id":53043617071469,"sku":"F54334-0.4ML","price":452.17,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_610849ea-1c10-4229-98fa-76acbe8e171a.jpg?v=1771934151"},{"product_id":"recombinant-ampk-alpha-1-antibody-prkaa1-c-terminal-region-bha17103805","title":"Recombinant AMPK alpha 1 Antibody \/ PRKAA1 \/ C-Terminal Region","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecombinant AMPK alpha 1 antibody supplied as a purified reagent for WB, IHC in Human samples. This product is a recombinant rabbit monoclonal antibody (host: Rabbit; isotype: Rabbit IgG) intended for research use only. The target is commonly annotated with cytoplasmic, nuclear localization context, which may inform staining patterns.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal; host Rabbit; isotype Rabbit IgG; clone RM301.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat and purification:\u003c\/strong\u003e format: Purified; purity: Protein A purified from animal origin-free supernatant.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e Human.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications (listed):\u003c\/strong\u003e WB, IHC.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e A peptide corresponding to the residues near the C-terminus of human AMPK alpha-1 was used as the immunogen for the recombinant AMPK alpha 1 antibody..\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLocalization:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cytoplasmic, nuclear (annotation-level guidance; cell state and isoforms can shift patterns).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese attributes help you align the antibody with the biological question (target state, sample type, and readout) while keeping interpretation grounded in appropriate controls.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecombinant AMPK alpha 1 is the intended antigen for this primary antibody. Reported biological context includes: This antibody reacts to human PRKAA1 \/ AMPK alpha-1 (AMPKA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1). Subcellular localization information (Cytoplasmic, nuclear) can be useful when interpreting IF\/ICC patterns and selecting compartment-enriched lysates for WB.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSignal-flow and turnover studies: researchers pair immunodetection with perturbations that modulate enzymatic activity or proteostasis to understand regulation, stability, and feedback.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSpatial and single-cell approaches: imaging-based and cytometry workflows increasingly quantify heterogeneity and relocalization rather than only bulk abundance.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eInteraction-centric biology: IP-based enrichment and proteomics are widely used to define complexes, binding partners, and context-specific interactomes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eWestern blot (WB): compare relative abundance\/isoform patterns across conditions and sample types; band shifts may reflect processing or post-translational modification.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eImmunohistochemistry (IHC): profile tissue and cell-type distribution in fixed specimens and evaluate spatial heterogeneity in expression.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these readouts, differences in signal intensity, localization, or complex enrichment are typically interpreted alongside sample-matched controls and independent evidence to distinguish regulation from technical variation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eIsoforms, cleavage products, or post-translational modifications can alter apparent molecular weight and subcellular distribution; interpret bands and staining patterns in the context of expected biology and sample preparation.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSpecies differences and epitope conservation may affect binding; use matched positive controls and orthogonal evidence when comparing across organisms.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include appropriate isotype and secondary-only controls (for imaging), and consider genetic perturbations (knockout\/knockdown\/overexpression) or independent antibodies targeting distinct epitopes to strengthen conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpitope context is defined by the immunogen description; when available, align this with known domains, PTM sites, or family homology to anticipate potential cross-reactivity patterns. As a monoclonal antibody, binding is driven by a single epitope, which can support consistent recognition but may be sensitive to epitope masking by PTMs or conformational changes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry (Q13131) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/Q13131\/entry - NCBI Gene search (Recombinant AMPK alpha 1) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=Recombinant+AMPK+alpha+1 - Ensembl search (Recombinant AMPK alpha 1) — Ensembl — https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=Recombinant+AMPK+alpha+1 - PubMed search (Recombinant AMPK alpha 1) — NLM — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Recombinant+AMPK+alpha+1 - Reactome pathway search (Recombinant AMPK alpha 1) — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=Recombinant+AMPK+alpha+1 --\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"Antibody in PBS with 50% glycerol, 1% BSA and 0.09% sodium azide \/ 100 ul","offer_id":53043250332013,"sku":"R20323-0.1ML","price":452.17,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_2605815b-e9b7-4204-a8ce-e74bd95b7254.jpg?v=1771934421"},{"product_id":"ppar-gamma-antibody-pparg-bha17104067","title":"PPAR gamma Antibody \/ PPARG","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPAR gamma antibody supplied as a antigen affinity purified reagent for WB in Human samples. This product is a polyclonal (rabbit origin) antibody (host: Rabbit; isotype: Rabbit IgG) intended for research use only.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Polyclonal (rabbit origin); host Rabbit; isotype Rabbit IgG.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat and purification:\u003c\/strong\u003e format: Antigen affinity purified; purity: Antigen affinity.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e Human.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications (listed):\u003c\/strong\u003e WB.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e Amino acis 45-62 (PHYEDIPFTRTDPVVADY-human) were used as the immunogen for this PPAR gamma antibody..\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese attributes help you align the antibody with the biological question (target state, sample type, and readout) while keeping interpretation grounded in appropriate controls.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPAR gamma is the intended antigen for this primary antibody. Reported biological context includes: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are a group of three nuclear receptor isoforms, PPAR gamma, alpha, delta, encoded by different genes. PPARs are ligand-regulated transcription factors that control gene expression by binding to specific response elements (PPREs) within promoters.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSpatial and single-cell approaches: imaging-based and cytometry workflows increasingly quantify heterogeneity and relocalization rather than only bulk abundance.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eInteraction-centric biology: IP-based enrichment and proteomics are widely used to define complexes, binding partners, and context-specific interactomes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eWestern blot (WB): compare relative abundance\/isoform patterns across conditions and sample types; band shifts may reflect processing or post-translational modification.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these readouts, differences in signal intensity, localization, or complex enrichment are typically interpreted alongside sample-matched controls and independent evidence to distinguish regulation from technical variation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eIsoforms, cleavage products, or post-translational modifications can alter apparent molecular weight and subcellular distribution; interpret bands and staining patterns in the context of expected biology and sample preparation.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSpecies differences and epitope conservation may affect binding; use matched positive controls and orthogonal evidence when comparing across organisms.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include appropriate isotype and secondary-only controls (for imaging), and consider genetic perturbations (knockout\/knockdown\/overexpression) or independent antibodies targeting distinct epitopes to strengthen conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpitope context is defined by the immunogen description; when available, align this with known domains, PTM sites, or family homology to anticipate potential cross-reactivity patterns. As a polyclonal antibody, recognition spans multiple epitopes, which can improve detection across conformations but may broaden background depending on sample context.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry (P37231) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P37231\/entry - NCBI Gene search (PPAR gamma) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=PPAR+gamma - Ensembl search (PPAR gamma) — Ensembl — https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=PPAR+gamma - PubMed search (PPAR gamma) — NLM — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=PPAR+gamma - Reactome pathway search (PPAR gamma) — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=PPAR+gamma --\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"0.5mg\/ml if reconstituted with 0.2ml sterile DI water \/ 100 ug","offer_id":53043259408749,"sku":"R30380","price":462.47,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_a0df4995-5721-4bb1-8289-285842096f94.jpg?v=1771934488"},{"product_id":"tfam-antibody-mttfa-bha17104546","title":"TFAM Antibody \/ mtTFA","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTFAM antibody supplied as a antigen affinity purified reagent for WB, IHC-P, IF in Human samples. This product is a polyclonal (rabbit origin) antibody (host: Rabbit; isotype: Rabbit IgG) intended for research use only. The target is commonly annotated with cytoplasmic localization context, which may inform staining patterns.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Polyclonal (rabbit origin); host Rabbit; isotype Rabbit IgG.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat and purification:\u003c\/strong\u003e format: Antigen affinity purified; purity: Antigen affinity.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e Human.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications (listed):\u003c\/strong\u003e WB, IHC-P, IF.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e An amino acid sequence from the C-terminus of human Transcription factor A mitochondrial (RKDLLRRTIKKQRKYGAEEC) was used as the immunogen for this TFAM antibody..\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLocalization:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cytoplasmic (annotation-level guidance; cell state and isoforms can shift patterns).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese attributes help you align the antibody with the biological question (target state, sample type, and readout) while keeping interpretation grounded in appropriate controls.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTFAM is the intended antigen for this primary antibody. Reported biological context includes: Transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), also known as TCF6 or TCF6L2, is a protein that activates transcription of each mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) strand by binding to an element of approximately 30 nucleotides present in both the light-strand and the heavy-strand promoters. By Southern blot analysis of restriction enzyme digests of human\/Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrid lines, Milatovich et al.(1992) mapped TFAM sequences, which they called MTTF1, to three different chromosomes: chromosomes 10, 7p, and… Subcellular localization information (Cytoplasmic) can be useful when interpreting IF\/ICC patterns and selecting compartment-enriched lysates for WB.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSpatial and single-cell approaches: imaging-based and cytometry workflows increasingly quantify heterogeneity and relocalization rather than only bulk abundance.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eInteraction-centric biology: IP-based enrichment and proteomics are widely used to define complexes, binding partners, and context-specific interactomes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eWestern blot (WB): compare relative abundance\/isoform patterns across conditions and sample types; band shifts may reflect processing or post-translational modification.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eIHC-P: commonly used to measure relative target levels or localization changes in the context of the experimental question.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eImmunofluorescence (IF): visualize localization and co-localization patterns in cells or tissues.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these readouts, differences in signal intensity, localization, or complex enrichment are typically interpreted alongside sample-matched controls and independent evidence to distinguish regulation from technical variation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eIsoforms, cleavage products, or post-translational modifications can alter apparent molecular weight and subcellular distribution; interpret bands and staining patterns in the context of expected biology and sample preparation.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSpecies differences and epitope conservation may affect binding; use matched positive controls and orthogonal evidence when comparing across organisms.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include appropriate isotype and secondary-only controls (for imaging), and consider genetic perturbations (knockout\/knockdown\/overexpression) or independent antibodies targeting distinct epitopes to strengthen conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpitope context is defined by the immunogen description; when available, align this with known domains, PTM sites, or family homology to anticipate potential cross-reactivity patterns. As a polyclonal antibody, recognition spans multiple epitopes, which can improve detection across conformations but may broaden background depending on sample context.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry (Q00059) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/Q00059\/entry - NCBI Gene search (TFAM) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=TFAM - Ensembl search (TFAM) — Ensembl — https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=TFAM - PubMed search (TFAM) — NLM — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=TFAM - Reactome pathway search (TFAM) — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=TFAM --\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"0.5mg\/ml if reconstituted with 0.2ml sterile DI water \/ 100 ug","offer_id":53043275202925,"sku":"R31036","price":462.47,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_72ea4e5b-12b8-4292-8151-7644732569d2.jpg?v=1771934626"},{"product_id":"ampk-beta-2-antibody-prkab2-bha17105179","title":"AMPK beta 2 Antibody \/ PRKAB2","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMPK beta 2 antibody supplied as a antigen affinity purified reagent for WB, IHC-P, IF, FACS in Human, Mouse, Rat samples. This product is a polyclonal (rabbit origin) antibody (host: Rabbit; isotype: Rabbit IgG) intended for research use only. The target is commonly annotated with cytoplasmic localization context, which may inform staining patterns.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Polyclonal (rabbit origin); host Rabbit; isotype Rabbit IgG.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat and purification:\u003c\/strong\u003e format: Antigen affinity purified; purity: Antigen affinity.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e Human, Mouse, Rat.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications (listed):\u003c\/strong\u003e WB, IHC-P, IF, FACS.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e Amino acids DKEFVSWQQDLEDSVKPTQQARPTVIRWSEGGKE of human AMPK beta 2 were used as the immunogen for the PRKAB2 antibody..\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLocalization:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cytoplasmic (annotation-level guidance; cell state and isoforms can shift patterns).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese attributes help you align the antibody with the biological question (target state, sample type, and readout) while keeping interpretation grounded in appropriate controls.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMPK beta 2 is the intended antigen for this primary antibody. Reported biological context includes: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAB2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Subcellular localization information (Cytoplasmic) can be useful when interpreting IF\/ICC patterns and selecting compartment-enriched lysates for WB.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003ePost-translational modification mapping: phosphorylation-site–resolved antibodies are used to connect signaling inputs to target activation states and downstream readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003ePerturbation and chemical biology: acetylation\/deacetylation pathways are frequently interrogated with inhibitors and genetic perturbations to separate direct regulation from adaptive responses.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSignal-flow and turnover studies: researchers pair immunodetection with perturbations that modulate enzymatic activity or proteostasis to understand regulation, stability, and feedback.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eWestern blot (WB): compare relative abundance\/isoform patterns across conditions and sample types; band shifts may reflect processing or post-translational modification.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eIHC-P: commonly used to measure relative target levels or localization changes in the context of the experimental question.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eImmunofluorescence (IF): visualize localization and co-localization patterns in cells or tissues.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eFACS: commonly used to measure relative target levels or localization changes in the context of the experimental question.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these readouts, differences in signal intensity, localization, or complex enrichment are typically interpreted alongside sample-matched controls and independent evidence to distinguish regulation from technical variation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eIsoforms, cleavage products, or post-translational modifications can alter apparent molecular weight and subcellular distribution; interpret bands and staining patterns in the context of expected biology and sample preparation.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eSpecies differences and epitope conservation may affect binding; use matched positive controls and orthogonal evidence when comparing across organisms.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include appropriate isotype and secondary-only controls (for imaging), and consider genetic perturbations (knockout\/knockdown\/overexpression) or independent antibodies targeting distinct epitopes to strengthen conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpitope context is defined by the immunogen description; when available, align this with known domains, PTM sites, or family homology to anticipate potential cross-reactivity patterns. As a polyclonal antibody, recognition spans multiple epitopes, which can improve detection across conformations but may broaden background depending on sample context.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry (O43741) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/O43741\/entry - NCBI Gene search (AMPK beta 2) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=AMPK+beta+2 - Ensembl search (AMPK beta 2) — Ensembl — https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=AMPK+beta+2 - PubMed search (AMPK beta 2) — NLM — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=AMPK+beta+2 - Reactome pathway search (AMPK beta 2) — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=AMPK+beta+2 --\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"0.5mg\/ml if reconstituted with 0.2ml sterile DI water \/ 100 ug","offer_id":53043294372205,"sku":"R31820","price":462.47,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_c861b65d-a152-478d-9c19-7a80972afb17.jpg?v=1771934785"},{"product_id":"ampk-alpha-1-antibody-prkaa1-bha17109186","title":"AMPK alpha 1 Antibody \/ PRKAA1","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAMPK alpha 1 Antibody \/ PRKAA1 is a research-use antibody directed against \u003cstrong\u003eAMPK ALPHA 1\u003c\/strong\u003e. It is supplied for use in common immunoassay contexts such as WB, ELISA (RUO).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e AMPK ALPHA 1.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDescription (provided):\u003c\/strong\u003e 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAA1 gene.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody type:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rabbit, Polyclonal (rabbit origin), Rabbit IgG.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat:\u003c\/strong\u003e Antigen affinity purified; Antigen affinity purified.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReported\/predicted localization:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cytoplasmic.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e tested: Human, Mouse, Rat.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen (if provided):\u003c\/strong\u003e A recombinant human protein corresponding to amino acids F377-R446 was used as the immunogen for the AMPK alpha 1 antibody..\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe information above helps you match the antibody format to your assay context, interpret species-dependent differences, and anticipate how epitope context (isoforms, PTMs, or conformational state) may influence signal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAA1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ser\/thr protein kinase family. It is the catalytic subunit of the 5'-prime-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a cellular energy sensor conserved in all eukaryotic cells. The kinase activity of AMPK is activated by the stimuli that increase the cellular AMP\/ATP ratio. AMPK regulates the activities of a number of key metabolic enzymes through phosphorylation. It protects cells from stresses that cause ATP depletion by switching off ATP-consuming biosynthetic pathways.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor curated annotations (gene\/protein naming, domains, isoforms, and pathway links) for AMPK ALPHA 1, consult primary databases such as UniProt, NCBI Gene, and Ensembl.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \n\u003cli\u003eContext-dependent expression studies: researchers often examine AMPK ALPHA 1 abundance and localization across perturbations (genetic, pharmacologic, or environmental) to connect phenotype to molecular changes.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003eReagent reproducibility: there is growing emphasis on antibody specificity checks using orthogonal approaches (e.g., genetic perturbation or independent antibodies) and transparent reporting of clone\/lot information.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003eMulti-modal datasets: antibody-based readouts are increasingly combined with transcriptomics and imaging to relate protein-level measurements to cell-state transitions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \n\u003cli\u003eWestern blotting (immunoblot) for relative detection of target protein abundance and apparent molecular weight.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003eELISA-based detection or quantification in research assays (format- and epitope-dependent).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing conditions, interpret changes in signal in the context of sample composition, expected localization, and any known isoform complexity for the target.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIsoforms and PTMs:\u003c\/strong\u003e alternative splicing or post-translational modifications can change epitope accessibility and apparent molecular weight; interpret bands\/signals accordingly.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross-reactivity and matrix effects:\u003c\/strong\u003e background binding can vary by sample type, species, and blocking\/detection chemistries; include appropriate negative controls.\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eControl concepts:\u003c\/strong\u003e where feasible, use genetic perturbation (KO\/KD\/overexpression), orthogonal assays, or independent antibodies to support specificity claims.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody considerations:\u003c\/strong\u003e Polyclonal reagents may recognize multiple epitopes and can increase sensitivity but may show broader binding profiles, while monoclonal clones provide a single-epitope readout that can improve consistency across experiments. If a conjugate is listed, the antibody supports more direct detection workflows; otherwise, it is typically used with a compatible secondary antibody.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003c!-- Sources (internal):\n- UniProtKB entry for AMPK ALPHA 1 (UniProt): https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/Q13131\n- NCBI Gene search for AMPK ALPHA 1 (NCBI): https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=AMPK ALPHA 1\n- Ensembl gene search for AMPK ALPHA 1 (Ensembl): https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=AMPK ALPHA 1\n- Antibody validation “5 pillars” (Nature Methods, 2016): https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nmeth.3995\n- NIH replication \u0026 reproducibility resources (NIH): https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/replicationandreproducibility\n- Human Protein Atlas search for AMPK ALPHA 1 (HPA): https:\/\/www.proteinatlas.org\/search\/AMPK ALPHA 1\n--\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"0.5mg\/ml if reconstituted with 0.2ml sterile DI water \/ 100 ug","offer_id":53044463173997,"sku":"RQ4362","price":462.47,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_925a1a66-ec3f-474b-8ae7-ad5fe1708b7d.jpg?v=1771938881"},{"product_id":"pparg-antibody-ppar-gamma-bha17128535","title":"PPARG Antibody \/ PPAR gamma","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPARG Antibody \/ PPAR gamma is an antibody targeting \u003cstrong\u003ePPAR\u003c\/strong\u003e, raised in \u003cstrong\u003eRabbit\u003c\/strong\u003e for protein detection and localization studies where these specifications are required.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e PPAR.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Polyclonal (rabbit origin); Rabbit IgG.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConjugate\/label:\u003c\/strong\u003e Unconjugated (affects detection chemistry and multiplex compatibility).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat:\u003c\/strong\u003e Antigen affinity purified.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eListed applications:\u003c\/strong\u003e WB, FACS, IF, Direct ELISA (refer to on-page specifications for application-specific guidance).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e  \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma or PPARG), also known as the glitazone reverse insulin resistance receptor, or NR1C3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 3) is a type II nuclear receptor (protein regulating genes) that in humans is encoded by the PPARG gene. This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subfamily of nuclear receptors. PPARs form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and these heterodimers regulate transcription of various genes. Three subtypes of PPARs are known: PPAR-alpha, PPAR-delta, and PPAR-gamma. The protein encoded by this gene is PPAR-gamma and is a regulator of adipocyte differentiation. Additionally, PPAR-gamma has been implicated in the pathology of numerous diseases including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been described.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eComparative expression profiling across cell types, tissues, or perturbations (e.g., drug treatment, genetic editing, or differentiation).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSubcellular localization and trafficking studies, including co-localization with pathway markers in microscopy-based assays.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIntegration of protein-level measurements with transcriptomics or proteomics to relate abundance to regulation and phenotype.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eWestern blotting: researchers commonly compare relative signal levels across conditions and use appropriate negative\/positive controls for interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFlow cytometry: researchers commonly compare relative signal levels across conditions and use appropriate negative\/positive controls for interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eImmunofluorescence: researchers commonly compare relative signal levels across conditions and use appropriate negative\/positive controls for interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eELISA: researchers commonly compare relative signal levels across conditions and use appropriate negative\/positive controls for interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpretation should account for antibody-dependent factors such as epitope accessibility, isoforms, and sample preparation differences across workflows.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIsoforms and PTMs:\u003c\/strong\u003e many targets have multiple isoforms and post-translational modifications that can shift apparent signal or localization; interpret bands\/signals accordingly.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEpitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e binding can depend on protein conformation and sample processing; region information in the title\/immunogen can help anticipate what may be detected.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies differences:\u003c\/strong\u003e predicted or validated reactivity may vary by ortholog sequence and sample context; confirm in your model system.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eControl concepts:\u003c\/strong\u003e include negative controls (no-primary\/isotype), and where possible genetic controls (KO\/KD) or independent antibodies to strengthen conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry P37231 — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P37231 - Gene search: PPAR — NCBI Gene — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=PPAR - Ensembl search: PPAR — Ensembl — https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=PPAR - PubMed search: PPAR antibody — PubMed — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=PPAR+antibody - Reactome search: PPAR — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=PPAR --\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"0.5mg\/ml if reconstituted with 0.2ml sterile DI water \/ 100 ug","offer_id":53046424469869,"sku":"RQ6963","price":462.47,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_985642ca-87a1-4ba9-a77a-a63513c3cee9.jpg?v=1772000551"},{"product_id":"atp5a1-antibody-atp5f1a-atp-synthase-subunit-alpha-bha17128785","title":"ATP5A1 Antibody \/ ATP5F1A \/ ATP synthase subunit alpha","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eATP5A1 Antibody \/ ATP5F1A \/ ATP synthase subunit alpha is an antibody targeting \u003cstrong\u003eATP5F1A\u003c\/strong\u003e, raised in \u003cstrong\u003eRabbit\u003c\/strong\u003e for protein detection and localization studies where these specifications are required.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e ATP5F1A.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Polyclonal (rabbit origin); Rabbit IgG.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConjugate\/label:\u003c\/strong\u003e Unconjugated (affects detection chemistry and multiplex compatibility).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat:\u003c\/strong\u003e Antigen affinity purified.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human, Mouse, Rat.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eListed applications:\u003c\/strong\u003e WB, IHC-P, IF, FACS, Direct ELISA (refer to on-page specifications for application-specific guidance).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e  \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eATP synthase F1 subunit alpha, mitochondrial, also called ATP synthase subunit alpha and ATP5A1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP5F1A gene. This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is composed of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, comprising the proton channel. The catalytic portion of mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of 5 different subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) assembled with a stoichiometry of 3 alpha, 3 beta, and a single representative of the other 3. The proton channel consists of three main subunits (a, b, c). This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the catalytic core. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the different isoforms have been identified. Pseudogenes of this gene are located on chromosomes 9, 2, and 16.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eComparative expression profiling across cell types, tissues, or perturbations (e.g., drug treatment, genetic editing, or differentiation).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSubcellular localization and trafficking studies, including co-localization with pathway markers in microscopy-based assays.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIntegration of protein-level measurements with transcriptomics or proteomics to relate abundance to regulation and phenotype.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eWestern blotting: researchers commonly compare relative signal levels across conditions and use appropriate negative\/positive controls for interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eImmunohistochemistry: researchers commonly compare relative signal levels across conditions and use appropriate negative\/positive controls for interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eImmunofluorescence: researchers commonly compare relative signal levels across conditions and use appropriate negative\/positive controls for interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFlow cytometry: researchers commonly compare relative signal levels across conditions and use appropriate negative\/positive controls for interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eELISA: researchers commonly compare relative signal levels across conditions and use appropriate negative\/positive controls for interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpretation should account for antibody-dependent factors such as epitope accessibility, isoforms, and sample preparation differences across workflows.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIsoforms and PTMs:\u003c\/strong\u003e many targets have multiple isoforms and post-translational modifications that can shift apparent signal or localization; interpret bands\/signals accordingly.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEpitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e binding can depend on protein conformation and sample processing; region information in the title\/immunogen can help anticipate what may be detected.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies differences:\u003c\/strong\u003e predicted or validated reactivity may vary by ortholog sequence and sample context; confirm in your model system.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eControl concepts:\u003c\/strong\u003e include negative controls (no-primary\/isotype), and where possible genetic controls (KO\/KD) or independent antibodies to strengthen conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry P25705 — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P25705 - Gene search: ATP5F1A — NCBI Gene — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=ATP5F1A - Ensembl search: ATP5F1A — Ensembl — https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=ATP5F1A - PubMed search: ATP5F1A antibody — PubMed — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=ATP5F1A+antibody - Reactome search: ATP5F1A — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=ATP5F1A --\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"0.5mg\/ml if reconstituted with 0.2ml sterile DI water \/ 100 ug","offer_id":53046432596333,"sku":"RQ7217","price":462.47,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_462fb8d7-b0ef-4d36-b8d2-1610494af447.jpg?v=1772000601"},{"product_id":"ppar-delta-antibody-ppard-bha17132864","title":"PPAR delta Antibody \/ PPARD","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePPAR delta Antibody \/ PPARD is an antibody targeting \u003cstrong\u003ePPAR\u003c\/strong\u003e. Host: \u003cstrong\u003eMouse\u003c\/strong\u003e. Monoclonal. Clone: \u003cstrong\u003ePCRP-PPARD-4C2\u003c\/strong\u003e. Format: Purified. Applications: FACS.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e PPAR.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen:\u003c\/strong\u003e A recombinant partial protein sequence (within amino acids 72-146) from the human protein was used as the immunogen for….\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLocalization:\u003c\/strong\u003e Nucleus.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConjugate:\u003c\/strong\u003e Unconjugated (no label listed).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background (from provided description)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that can be activated by a variety of compounds including fibratus, thiazolidinediones, prostaglandins and fatty acids. Three PPAR subtypes, designated PPARa, PPARb (also designated PPARd and PPARdelta) and PPARg, have been described.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eSuitable for antibody-based detection workflows where target signal comparison and localization are required.\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAccount for isoforms, paralogs, and post-translational modifications when interpreting signal.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupport specificity with biological controls (e.g., KO\/KD where available) and technical controls (e.g., secondary-only\/isotype).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProt) – https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/ - NCBI Gene (NIH\/NLM) – https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/ - ZFIN – https:\/\/zfin.org\/ - Ensembl – https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/ - Nature Methods (2015): A proposal for validation of antibodies – https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nmeth.3230 --\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"0.2 mg\/ml in 1X PBS with 0.1 mg\/ml BSA (US sourced), 0.05% sodium azide \/ 100 ug","offer_id":53046676554093,"sku":"V5138-100UG","price":575.77,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"0.2 mg\/ml in 1X PBS with 0.1 mg\/ml BSA (US sourced), 0.05% sodium azide \/ 20 ug","offer_id":53046818341229,"sku":"V5138-20UG","price":266.77,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg\/ml in 1X PBS; BSA free, sodium azide free \/ 100 ug","offer_id":53046818373997,"sku":"V5138SAF-100UG","price":575.77,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_2eb1a547-abdd-4d0a-9329-6211a2a8b9f2.jpg?v=1772010152"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-atp-synthase-subunit-delta-mitochondrial-atp5d-bhp10504060","title":"Recombinant Human ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial (ATP5D)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecombinant Human ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial (ATP5D) is a recombinant protein reagent for research-use applications such as assay development, binding studies, and mechanistic experiments. It corresponds to \u003cstrong\u003eATP5D\u003c\/strong\u003e (Homo sapiens (Human)) and is intended for RUO workflows where a defined protein standard or functional input is needed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e E.coli (expression context can influence folding and PTMs).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 23-168aa (region choice can affect activity and binding readouts).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConjugate(s)\/tag:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-terminal 6xHis-SUMO-tagged (can support detection or purification depending on format).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 31 kDa (useful for interpreting gel migration and size-exclusion profiles).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing results across assays, consider that expression system and expressed region can alter glycosylation, disulfide formation, and oligomerization state, which may shift apparent potency or binding behavior in vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMitochondrial mbrane ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the mbrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F1 - containing the extrambraneous catalytic core, and F0 - containing the mbrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP turnover in the catalytic domain of F1 is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F1 domain and of the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary elent. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha3beta3 subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReagent standardization: using recombinant proteins as reference materials for quantitative calibration and cross-study comparability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInteraction-focused studies: mapping binding partners, affinity changes, and structure–function relationships across variants or domains.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMulti-omic readouts: combining recombinant perturbations with transcript, protein, and functional endpoints to connect mechanism to phenotype.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssay development and validation: use as a defined input or standard where protein identity is required.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBinding studies: evaluate interaction strength and specificity using plate-based or biophysical formats.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell-response profiling: add protein to cultured cells and interpret downstream marker changes with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterpretation is most robust when signal changes are evaluated relative to matched controls (buffer-only, unrelated protein controls, or pathway controls) and when readouts are compared across dose and time.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsoforms and PTMs can influence binding and activity; ensure the expressed region and expression system match your experimental needs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpecies differences may affect receptor binding or antibody recognition; confirm species\/source alignment with your model.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUse concept-level controls such as negative controls (no protein), matrix controls, or orthogonal readouts to support conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt keyword search: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb?query=ATP5D - NCBI Gene search: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=ATP5D - PubMed search: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=ATP5D - Ensembl search: https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=ATP5D - Reactome Pathway Browser: https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=ATP5D --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53053043147117,"sku":"CSB-EP002355HU-1MG","price":1866.36,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53053189652845,"sku":"CSB-EP002355HU-100UG","price":431.57,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53053189685613,"sku":"CSB-EP002355HU-20UG","price":230.72,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-EP002355HU-SDS.jpg?v=1772172868"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-atp-synthase-f-1-complex-subunit-alpha-mitochondrial-atp5f1a-bhp10504059","title":"Recombinant Human ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit alpha, mitochondrial (ATP5F1A)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecombinant Human ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit alpha, mitochondrial (ATP5F1A) is a recombinant protein reagent for research-use applications such as assay development, binding studies, and mechanistic experiments. It corresponds to \u003cstrong\u003eATP5F1A\u003c\/strong\u003e (Homo sapiens (Human)) and is intended for RUO workflows where a defined protein standard or functional input is needed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e E.coli (expression context can influence folding and PTMs).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 44-553aa (region choice can affect activity and binding readouts).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConjugate(s)\/tag:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-terminal 6xHis-SUMO-tagged (can support detection or purification depending on format).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 71.2 kDa (useful for interpreting gel migration and size-exclusion profiles).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing results across assays, consider that expression system and expressed region can alter glycosylation, disulfide formation, and oligomerization state, which may shift apparent potency or binding behavior in vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F1 - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F0 - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F1 is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F1. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha3beta3 subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits. Subunit alpha does not bear the catalytic high-affinity ATP-binding sites\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReagent standardization: using recombinant proteins as reference materials for quantitative calibration and cross-study comparability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInteraction-focused studies: mapping binding partners, affinity changes, and structure–function relationships across variants or domains.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMulti-omic readouts: combining recombinant perturbations with transcript, protein, and functional endpoints to connect mechanism to phenotype.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssay development and validation: use as a defined input or standard where protein identity is required.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBinding studies: evaluate interaction strength and specificity using plate-based or biophysical formats.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell-response profiling: add protein to cultured cells and interpret downstream marker changes with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterpretation is most robust when signal changes are evaluated relative to matched controls (buffer-only, unrelated protein controls, or pathway controls) and when readouts are compared across dose and time.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsoforms and PTMs can influence binding and activity; ensure the expressed region and expression system match your experimental needs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpecies differences may affect receptor binding or antibody recognition; confirm species\/source alignment with your model.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUse concept-level controls such as negative controls (no protein), matrix controls, or orthogonal readouts to support conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt keyword search: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb?query=ATP5F1A - NCBI Gene search: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=ATP5F1A - PubMed search: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=ATP5F1A - Ensembl search: https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=ATP5F1A - Reactome Pathway Browser: https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=ATP5F1A --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53053043573101,"sku":"CSB-EP002344HUa2-1MG","price":1866.36,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53053189259629,"sku":"CSB-EP002344HUa2-100UG","price":431.57,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53053189292397,"sku":"CSB-EP002344HUa2-20UG","price":230.72,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-EP002344HUa2-SDS.jpg?v=1772172869"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-atp-synthase-f-1-complex-subunit-alpha-mitochondrial-atp5f1a-bhp10504802","title":"Recombinant Human ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit alpha, mitochondrial (ATP5F1A)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecombinant Human ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit alpha, mitochondrial (ATP5F1A) is a recombinant protein reagent for research-use applications such as assay development, binding studies, and mechanistic experiments. It corresponds to \u003cstrong\u003eATP5F1A\u003c\/strong\u003e (Homo sapiens (Human)) and is intended for RUO workflows where a defined protein standard or functional input is needed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e E.coli (expression context can influence folding and PTMs).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 44-553aa (region choice can affect activity and binding readouts).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConjugate(s)\/tag:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-terminal 6xHis-tagged (can support detection or purification depending on format).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 59.2 kDa (useful for interpreting gel migration and size-exclusion profiles).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing results across assays, consider that expression system and expressed region can alter glycosylation, disulfide formation, and oligomerization state, which may shift apparent potency or binding behavior in vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F1 - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F0 - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F1 is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F1. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha3beta3 subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits. Subunit alpha does not bear the catalytic high-affinity ATP-binding sites\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReagent standardization: using recombinant proteins as reference materials for quantitative calibration and cross-study comparability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInteraction-focused studies: mapping binding partners, affinity changes, and structure–function relationships across variants or domains.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMulti-omic readouts: combining recombinant perturbations with transcript, protein, and functional endpoints to connect mechanism to phenotype.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssay development and validation: use as a defined input or standard where protein identity is required.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBinding studies: evaluate interaction strength and specificity using plate-based or biophysical formats.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell-response profiling: add protein to cultured cells and interpret downstream marker changes with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterpretation is most robust when signal changes are evaluated relative to matched controls (buffer-only, unrelated protein controls, or pathway controls) and when readouts are compared across dose and time.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsoforms and PTMs can influence binding and activity; ensure the expressed region and expression system match your experimental needs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpecies differences may affect receptor binding or antibody recognition; confirm species\/source alignment with your model.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUse concept-level controls such as negative controls (no protein), matrix controls, or orthogonal readouts to support conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt keyword search: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb?query=ATP5F1A - NCBI Gene search: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=ATP5F1A - PubMed search: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=ATP5F1A - Ensembl search: https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=ATP5F1A - Reactome Pathway Browser: https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=ATP5F1A --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53053067198829,"sku":"CSB-EP002344HU-1MG","price":1866.36,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53053234086253,"sku":"CSB-EP002344HU-100UG","price":431.57,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53053234119021,"sku":"CSB-EP002344HU-20UG","price":230.72,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-EP002344HU-SDS.jpg?v=1772172960"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-atp-synthase-subunit-delta-mitochondrial-atp5d-bhp10505469","title":"Recombinant Human ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial (ATP5D)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecombinant Human ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial (ATP5D) is a recombinant protein reagent for research-use applications such as assay development, binding studies, and mechanistic experiments. It corresponds to \u003cstrong\u003eATP5D\u003c\/strong\u003e (Homo sapiens (Human)) and is intended for RUO workflows where a defined protein standard or functional input is needed.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e Yeast (expression context can influence folding and PTMs).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 23-168aa (region choice can affect activity and binding readouts).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConjugate(s)\/tag:\u003c\/strong\u003e C-terminal 6xHis-Myc-tagged (can support detection or purification depending on format).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 18 kDa (useful for interpreting gel migration and size-exclusion profiles).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing results across assays, consider that expression system and expressed region can alter glycosylation, disulfide formation, and oligomerization state, which may shift apparent potency or binding behavior in vitro.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F1 - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F0 - containing the membrane proton channel, linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk. During catalysis, ATP turnover in the catalytic domain of F1 is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. Part of the complex F1 domain and of the central stalk which is part of the complex rotary element. Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha3beta3 subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReagent standardization: using recombinant proteins as reference materials for quantitative calibration and cross-study comparability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInteraction-focused studies: mapping binding partners, affinity changes, and structure–function relationships across variants or domains.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMulti-omic readouts: combining recombinant perturbations with transcript, protein, and functional endpoints to connect mechanism to phenotype.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssay development and validation: use as a defined input or standard where protein identity is required.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBinding studies: evaluate interaction strength and specificity using plate-based or biophysical formats.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCell-response profiling: add protein to cultured cells and interpret downstream marker changes with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterpretation is most robust when signal changes are evaluated relative to matched controls (buffer-only, unrelated protein controls, or pathway controls) and when readouts are compared across dose and time.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsoforms and PTMs can influence binding and activity; ensure the expressed region and expression system match your experimental needs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpecies differences may affect receptor binding or antibody recognition; confirm species\/source alignment with your model.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUse concept-level controls such as negative controls (no protein), matrix controls, or orthogonal readouts to support conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt keyword search: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb?query=ATP5D - NCBI Gene search: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=ATP5D - PubMed search: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=ATP5D - Ensembl search: https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=ATP5D - Reactome Pathway Browser: https:\/\/reactome.org\/content\/query?q=ATP5D --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53053089448301,"sku":"CSB-YP002355HUf3-1MG","price":2070.3,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53053278486893,"sku":"CSB-YP002355HUf3-100UG","price":484.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53053278519661,"sku":"CSB-YP002355HUf3-20UG","price":257.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-YP002355HUf3-SDS.jpg?v=1772173055"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-atp-synthase-f-0-complex-subunit-b1-mitochondrial-atp5pb-bhp10508675","title":"Recombinant Human ATP synthase F (0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial (ATP5PB)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecombinant Human ATP synthase F (0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial (ATP5PB) is a recombinant protein reagent derived from Homo sapiens (Human) and produced in E.coli. It is commonly used to support Others research by enabling binding assays, assay development and protein–protein interaction studies in controlled in vitro settings.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpressed region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 43-256aa. Region selection can focus on functional domains, improve solubility, or isolate interaction surfaces for targeted studies.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e E.coli. Expression host can influence folding and the presence\/absence of post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTag \/ fusion:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-terminal 10xHis-tagged and C-terminal Myc-tagged. Tags can support purification and detection; evaluate potential tag effects when studying sensitive interactions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e 32.1 kDa. Apparent size may vary with tags, processing, and gel conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing results across batches or platforms, interpret signals in the context of construct design (region, tags) and expression host, especially for modification-dependent interactions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gene commonly associated with this target is \u003cstrong\u003eATP5PB\u003c\/strong\u003e. ATP5PB refers to a protein target that is studied across multiple biological contexts; annotations and nomenclature can vary by species and isoform. This product corresponds to the Homo sapiens (Human) sequence context, which can be important when comparing homologs or orthologs across model systems. For curated functional annotations, domains, and sequence features, consult primary databases (e.g., UniProt\/NCBI) and the recent literature for the specific organism and isoform.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing recombinant proteins to enable quantitative binding measurements and reagent benchmarking.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStudying domain- and isoform-specific effects in pathway models and interaction networks.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDeveloping robust, reproducible assays that connect molecular readouts to cellular phenotypes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay and standard development for immunoassays or binding-based detection methods.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eProtein–protein interaction studies (e.g., receptor–ligand or complex assembly) using purified components.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStructure–function analysis, including domain mapping or evaluation of sequence variants.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn quantitative assay development, changes in binding or activity readouts are typically interpreted relative to appropriate negative\/positive controls and, where possible, orthogonal assay formats that support the same conclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eRecombinant constructs may represent a defined region (domain) rather than the full-length protein; interpret results in the context of the expressed region.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTag or fusion elements can aid purification and detection but may influence binding surfaces or oligomerization; consider tag controls when relevant.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSpecies and isoform differences can affect interaction partners and post-translational modifications; align experimental controls to the intended biological context.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eE. coli expression can limit eukaryotic post-translational modifications; for modification-dependent biology, interpret results accordingly.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry for P24539 — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P24539\/entry - NCBI Gene search (ATP5PB) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=ATP5PB - PubMed search (ATP5PB) — NCBI — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=ATP5PB - RCSB PDB search (ATP5PB) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/search?query=ATP5PB - Reactome Pathway Browser — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/ --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53065263153517,"sku":"CSB-EP002358HU-1MG","price":2539.98,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53065370665325,"sku":"CSB-EP002358HU-100UG","price":750.87,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53065370698093,"sku":"CSB-EP002358HU-20UG","price":399.64,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-EP002358HU-SDS.jpg?v=1772476385"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-atp-synthase-f-1-complex-subunit-gamma-mitochondrial-atp5f1c-bhp10508687","title":"Recombinant Human ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit gamma, mitochondrial (ATP5F1C)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecombinant Human ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit gamma, mitochondrial (ATP5F1C) is a recombinant protein reagent derived from Homo sapiens (Human) and produced in E.coli. It is commonly used to support Metabolism research by enabling binding assays, assay development and protein–protein interaction studies in controlled in vitro settings.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpressed region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 26-298aa. Region selection can focus on functional domains, improve solubility, or isolate interaction surfaces for targeted studies.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e E.coli. Expression host can influence folding and the presence\/absence of post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTag \/ fusion:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-terminal 10xHis-tagged and C-terminal Myc-tagged. Tags can support purification and detection; evaluate potential tag effects when studying sensitive interactions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e 37.6 kDa. Apparent size may vary with tags, processing, and gel conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing results across batches or platforms, interpret signals in the context of construct design (region, tags) and expression host, especially for modification-dependent interactions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gene commonly associated with this target is \u003cstrong\u003eATP5F1C\u003c\/strong\u003e. ATP5F1C refers to a protein target that is studied across multiple biological contexts; annotations and nomenclature can vary by species and isoform. This product corresponds to the Homo sapiens (Human) sequence context, which can be important when comparing homologs or orthologs across model systems. For curated functional annotations, domains, and sequence features, consult primary databases (e.g., UniProt\/NCBI) and the recent literature for the specific organism and isoform.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eQuantifying enzyme activity, substrate specificity, and cofactor dependence in metabolic pathways.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eConnecting metabolic state to cellular phenotypes using targeted protein reagents and quantitative assays.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eIntegrating multi-omics measurements with protein-level readouts to refine pathway models and regulatory mechanisms.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay and standard development for immunoassays or binding-based detection methods.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eProtein–protein interaction studies (e.g., receptor–ligand or complex assembly) using purified components.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStructure–function analysis, including domain mapping or evaluation of sequence variants.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn quantitative assay development, changes in binding or activity readouts are typically interpreted relative to appropriate negative\/positive controls and, where possible, orthogonal assay formats that support the same conclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eRecombinant constructs may represent a defined region (domain) rather than the full-length protein; interpret results in the context of the expressed region.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTag or fusion elements can aid purification and detection but may influence binding surfaces or oligomerization; consider tag controls when relevant.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSpecies and isoform differences can affect interaction partners and post-translational modifications; align experimental controls to the intended biological context.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eE. coli expression can limit eukaryotic post-translational modifications; for modification-dependent biology, interpret results accordingly.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry for P36542 — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P36542\/entry - NCBI Gene search (ATP5F1C) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=ATP5F1C - PubMed search (ATP5F1C) — NCBI — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=ATP5F1C - RCSB PDB search (ATP5F1C) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/search?query=ATP5F1C - Reactome Pathway Browser — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/ --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53065263513965,"sku":"CSB-EP002353HU-1MG","price":2123.86,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53065371124077,"sku":"CSB-EP002353HU-100UG","price":494.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53065371156845,"sku":"CSB-EP002353HU-20UG","price":263.68,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-EP002353HU-SDS.jpg?v=1772476382"},{"product_id":"recombinant-mouse-transcription-factor-a-mitochondrial-tfam-bhp10509620","title":"Recombinant Mouse Transcription factor A, mitochondrial (Tfam)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecombinant Mouse Transcription factor A, mitochondrial (Tfam) is a recombinant protein reagent derived from Mus musculus (Mouse) and produced in E.coli. It is commonly used to support Cardiovascular research by enabling binding assays, assay development and protein–protein interaction studies in controlled in vitro settings.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpressed region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 43-243aa. Region selection can focus on functional domains, improve solubility, or isolate interaction surfaces for targeted studies.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e E.coli. Expression host can influence folding and the presence\/absence of post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTag \/ fusion:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-terminal 10xHis-tagged and C-terminal Myc-tagged. Tags can support purification and detection; evaluate potential tag effects when studying sensitive interactions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e 30.9 kDa. Apparent size may vary with tags, processing, and gel conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing results across batches or platforms, interpret signals in the context of construct design (region, tags) and expression host, especially for modification-dependent interactions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gene commonly associated with this target is \u003cstrong\u003eTfam\u003c\/strong\u003e. Tfam refers to a protein target that is studied across multiple biological contexts; annotations and nomenclature can vary by species and isoform. This product corresponds to the Mus musculus (Mouse) sequence context, which can be important when comparing homologs or orthologs across model systems. For curated functional annotations, domains, and sequence features, consult primary databases (e.g., UniProt\/NCBI) and the recent literature for the specific organism and isoform.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing recombinant proteins to enable quantitative binding measurements and reagent benchmarking.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStudying domain- and isoform-specific effects in pathway models and interaction networks.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDeveloping robust, reproducible assays that connect molecular readouts to cellular phenotypes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelevance:\u003c\/strong\u003e [Isoform Mitochondrial]: Binds to the mitochondrial light strand promoter and functions in mitochondrial transcription regulation. Component of the mitochondrial transcription initiation complex, composed at least of TFB2M, TFAM and POLRMT that is required for basal transcription of mitochondrial DNA. In this complex, TFAM recruits POLRMT to a specific promoter whereas TFB2M induces structural changes in POLRMT to enable promoter opening and trapping of the DNA non-template strand. Required for accurate and efficient promoter recognition by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Promotes transcription initiation from the HSP1 and the light strand promoter by binding immediately upstream of transcriptional start sites. Is able to unwind DNA. Bends the mitochondrial light strand promoter DNA into a U-turn shape via its HMG boxes. Required for maintenance of normal levels of mitochondrial DNA . May play a role in organizing and compacting mitochondrial DNA .; [Isoform Nuclear]: May also function as a transcriptional activator or may have a structural role in the compaction of nuclear DNA during spermatogenesis.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay and standard development for immunoassays or binding-based detection methods.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eProtein–protein interaction studies (e.g., receptor–ligand or complex assembly) using purified components.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStructure–function analysis, including domain mapping or evaluation of sequence variants.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn quantitative assay development, changes in binding or activity readouts are typically interpreted relative to appropriate negative\/positive controls and, where possible, orthogonal assay formats that support the same conclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eRecombinant constructs may represent a defined region (domain) rather than the full-length protein; interpret results in the context of the expressed region.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTag or fusion elements can aid purification and detection but may influence binding surfaces or oligomerization; consider tag controls when relevant.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSpecies and isoform differences can affect interaction partners and post-translational modifications; align experimental controls to the intended biological context.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eE. coli expression can limit eukaryotic post-translational modifications; for modification-dependent biology, interpret results accordingly.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry for P40630 — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P40630\/entry - NCBI Gene search (Tfam) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=Tfam - PubMed search (Tfam) — NCBI — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=Tfam - RCSB PDB search (Tfam) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/search?query=Tfam - Reactome Pathway Browser — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/ --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53065294414189,"sku":"CSB-EP023413MO-1MG","price":2539.98,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53065439805805,"sku":"CSB-EP023413MO-100UG","price":750.87,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53065439838573,"sku":"CSB-EP023413MO-20UG","price":399.64,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-EP023413MO-SDS.jpg?v=1772476475"},{"product_id":"recombinant-photobacterium-profundum-atp-synthase-gamma-chain-2-atpg2-bhp10510053","title":"Recombinant Photobacterium profundum ATP synthase gamma chain 2 (atpG2)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecombinant Photobacterium profundum ATP synthase gamma chain 2 (atpG2) is a recombinant protein reagent derived from Photobacterium profundum (strain SS9) and produced in E.coli. It is commonly used to support Others research by enabling binding assays, assay development and protein–protein interaction studies in controlled in vitro settings.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpressed region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 1-291aa. Region selection can focus on functional domains, improve solubility, or isolate interaction surfaces for targeted studies.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e E.coli. Expression host can influence folding and the presence\/absence of post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTag \/ fusion:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-terminal 10xHis-tagged and C-terminal Myc-tagged. Tags can support purification and detection; evaluate potential tag effects when studying sensitive interactions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e 40.1 kDa. Apparent size may vary with tags, processing, and gel conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing results across batches or platforms, interpret signals in the context of construct design (region, tags) and expression host, especially for modification-dependent interactions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gene commonly associated with this target is \u003cstrong\u003eatpG2\u003c\/strong\u003e. atpG2 refers to a protein target that is studied across multiple biological contexts; annotations and nomenclature can vary by species and isoform. This product corresponds to the Photobacterium profundum (strain SS9) sequence context, which can be important when comparing homologs or orthologs across model systems. For curated functional annotations, domains, and sequence features, consult primary databases (e.g., UniProt\/NCBI) and the recent literature for the specific organism and isoform.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing recombinant proteins to enable quantitative binding measurements and reagent benchmarking.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStudying domain- and isoform-specific effects in pathway models and interaction networks.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDeveloping robust, reproducible assays that connect molecular readouts to cellular phenotypes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelevance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The gamma chain is believed to be important in regulating ATPase activity and the flow of protons through the CF(0) complex.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay and standard development for immunoassays or binding-based detection methods.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eProtein–protein interaction studies (e.g., receptor–ligand or complex assembly) using purified components.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStructure–function analysis, including domain mapping or evaluation of sequence variants.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn quantitative assay development, changes in binding or activity readouts are typically interpreted relative to appropriate negative\/positive controls and, where possible, orthogonal assay formats that support the same conclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eRecombinant constructs may represent a defined region (domain) rather than the full-length protein; interpret results in the context of the expressed region.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTag or fusion elements can aid purification and detection but may influence binding surfaces or oligomerization; consider tag controls when relevant.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSpecies and isoform differences can affect interaction partners and post-translational modifications; align experimental controls to the intended biological context.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eE. coli expression can limit eukaryotic post-translational modifications; for modification-dependent biology, interpret results accordingly.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry for Q6LKZ7 — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/Q6LKZ7\/entry - NCBI Gene search (atpG2) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=atpG2 - PubMed search (atpG2) — NCBI — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=atpG2 - RCSB PDB search (atpG2) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/search?query=atpG2 - Reactome Pathway Browser — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/ --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53065308504429,"sku":"CSB-EP740365PIG-1MG","price":2539.98,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53065468969325,"sku":"CSB-EP740365PIG-100UG","price":750.87,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53065469002093,"sku":"CSB-EP740365PIG-20UG","price":399.64,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-EP740365PIG-SDS.jpg?v=1772476540"},{"product_id":"recombinant-lactobacillus-reuteri-atp-synthase-subunit-beta-atpd-bhp10510062","title":"Recombinant Lactobacillus reuteri ATP synthase subunit beta (atpD)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecombinant Lactobacillus reuteri ATP synthase subunit beta (atpD) is a recombinant protein reagent derived from Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 20016) and produced in E.coli. It is commonly used to support Others research by enabling binding assays, assay development and protein–protein interaction studies in controlled in vitro settings.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpressed region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 1-475aa. Region selection can focus on functional domains, improve solubility, or isolate interaction surfaces for targeted studies.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e E.coli. Expression host can influence folding and the presence\/absence of post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTag \/ fusion:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-terminal 10xHis-tagged and C-terminal Myc-tagged. Tags can support purification and detection; evaluate potential tag effects when studying sensitive interactions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e 59.1 kDa. Apparent size may vary with tags, processing, and gel conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing results across batches or platforms, interpret signals in the context of construct design (region, tags) and expression host, especially for modification-dependent interactions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gene commonly associated with this target is \u003cstrong\u003eatpD\u003c\/strong\u003e. atpD refers to a protein target that is studied across multiple biological contexts; annotations and nomenclature can vary by species and isoform. This product corresponds to the Lactobacillus reuteri (strain DSM 20016) sequence context, which can be important when comparing homologs or orthologs across model systems. For curated functional annotations, domains, and sequence features, consult primary databases (e.g., UniProt\/NCBI) and the recent literature for the specific organism and isoform.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing recombinant proteins to enable quantitative binding measurements and reagent benchmarking.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStudying domain- and isoform-specific effects in pathway models and interaction networks.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDeveloping robust, reproducible assays that connect molecular readouts to cellular phenotypes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelevance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane. The catalytic sites are hosted primarily by the beta subunits.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay and standard development for immunoassays or binding-based detection methods.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eProtein–protein interaction studies (e.g., receptor–ligand or complex assembly) using purified components.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStructure–function analysis, including domain mapping or evaluation of sequence variants.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn quantitative assay development, changes in binding or activity readouts are typically interpreted relative to appropriate negative\/positive controls and, where possible, orthogonal assay formats that support the same conclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eRecombinant constructs may represent a defined region (domain) rather than the full-length protein; interpret results in the context of the expressed region.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTag or fusion elements can aid purification and detection but may influence binding surfaces or oligomerization; consider tag controls when relevant.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSpecies and isoform differences can affect interaction partners and post-translational modifications; align experimental controls to the intended biological context.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eE. coli expression can limit eukaryotic post-translational modifications; for modification-dependent biology, interpret results accordingly.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry for A5VIR1 — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/A5VIR1\/entry - NCBI Gene search (atpD) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=atpD - PubMed search (atpD) — NCBI — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=atpD - RCSB PDB search (atpD) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/search?query=atpD - Reactome Pathway Browser — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/ --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53065308668269,"sku":"CSB-EP002350LLF-1MG","price":2539.98,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53065469034861,"sku":"CSB-EP002350LLF-100UG","price":750.87,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53065469067629,"sku":"CSB-EP002350LLF-20UG","price":399.64,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-EP002350LLF-SDS.jpg?v=1772476538"},{"product_id":"recombinant-human-transcription-factor-a-mitochondrial-tfam-bhp10510564","title":"Recombinant Human Transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecombinant Human Transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM) is a recombinant protein reagent derived from Homo sapiens (Human) and produced in E.coli. It is commonly used to support Cardiovascular research by enabling binding assays, assay development and protein–protein interaction studies in controlled in vitro settings.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpressed region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 43-246aa. Region selection can focus on functional domains, improve solubility, or isolate interaction surfaces for targeted studies.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e E.coli. Expression host can influence folding and the presence\/absence of post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTag \/ fusion:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-terminal 6xHis-tagged. Tags can support purification and detection; evaluate potential tag effects when studying sensitive interactions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight (reported):\u003c\/strong\u003e 28.5 kDa. Apparent size may vary with tags, processing, and gel conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing results across batches or platforms, interpret signals in the context of construct design (region, tags) and expression host, especially for modification-dependent interactions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gene commonly associated with this target is \u003cstrong\u003eTFAM\u003c\/strong\u003e. TFAM refers to a protein target that is studied across multiple biological contexts; annotations and nomenclature can vary by species and isoform. This product corresponds to the Homo sapiens (Human) sequence context, which can be important when comparing homologs or orthologs across model systems. For curated functional annotations, domains, and sequence features, consult primary databases (e.g., UniProt\/NCBI) and the recent literature for the specific organism and isoform.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing recombinant proteins to enable quantitative binding measurements and reagent benchmarking.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStudying domain- and isoform-specific effects in pathway models and interaction networks.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDeveloping robust, reproducible assays that connect molecular readouts to cellular phenotypes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelevance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Binds to the mitochondrial light strand promoter and functions in mitochondrial transcription regulation . Component of the mitochondrial transcription initiation complex, composed at least of TFB2M, TFAM and POLRMT that is required for basal transcription of mitochondrial DNA . In this complex, TFAM recruits POLRMT to a specific promoter whereas TFB2M induces structural changes in POLRMT to enable promoter opening and trapping of the DNA non-template strand . Required for accurate and efficient promoter recognition by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase . Promotes transcription initiation from the HSP1 and the light strand promoter by binding immediately upstream of transcriptional start sites . Is able to unwind DNA . Bends the mitochondrial light strand promoter DNA into a U-turn shape via its HMG boxes . Required for maintenance of normal levels of mitochondrial DNA . May play a role in organizing and compacting mitochondrial DNA .\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay and standard development for immunoassays or binding-based detection methods.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eProtein–protein interaction studies (e.g., receptor–ligand or complex assembly) using purified components.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eStructure–function analysis, including domain mapping or evaluation of sequence variants.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn quantitative assay development, changes in binding or activity readouts are typically interpreted relative to appropriate negative\/positive controls and, where possible, orthogonal assay formats that support the same conclusion.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eRecombinant constructs may represent a defined region (domain) rather than the full-length protein; interpret results in the context of the expressed region.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTag or fusion elements can aid purification and detection but may influence binding surfaces or oligomerization; consider tag controls when relevant.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSpecies and isoform differences can affect interaction partners and post-translational modifications; align experimental controls to the intended biological context.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eE. coli expression can limit eukaryotic post-translational modifications; for modification-dependent biology, interpret results accordingly.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry for Q00059 — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/Q00059\/entry - NCBI Gene search (TFAM) — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=TFAM - PubMed search (TFAM) — NCBI — https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=TFAM - RCSB PDB search (TFAM) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/search?query=TFAM - Reactome Pathway Browser — Reactome — https:\/\/reactome.org\/ --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53065323250029,"sku":"CSB-EP023413HU-1MG","price":2539.98,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53065498132845,"sku":"CSB-EP023413HU-100UG","price":595.34,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53065498165613,"sku":"CSB-EP023413HU-20UG","price":315.18,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-EP023413HU-SDS.jpg?v=1772476618"},{"product_id":"anti-mttfa-tfam-antibody-picoband-bha21000341","title":"Anti-mtTFA\/TFAM Antibody Picoband®","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis antibody is intended for detection of \u003cstrong\u003eTFAM (Transcription factor A, mitochondrial)\u003c\/strong\u003e in biological samples using common immunoassay formats. It is typically selected based on target identity, species reactivity, clonality\/clone information, and detection modality.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVendor notes:\u003c\/em\u003e Boster Bio Anti-mtTFA\/TFAM Antibody Picoband® catalog # PB9447. Tested in IP, IF, IHC, ICC, WB applications. This antibody reacts with Human, Mouse, Rat. The brand Picoband indicates this is a premium antibody that guarantees superior quality, high affinity, and strong signals with minimal background in Western blot applications. Only our best-performing antibodies are designated as Picoband, ensuring unmatched performance.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rabbit Polyclonal Rabbit IgG\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e A synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence at the N-terminus of human mtTFA, different from the related mouse and rat sequences by five amino acids.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight context:\u003c\/strong\u003e reported MW: 24 kDa; calculated MW: 29 kDa\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human,Mouse,Rat\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications:\u003c\/strong\u003e IP, IF, IHC, ICC, WB\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a polyclonal antibody, the reagent recognizes multiple epitopes on the target, which can improve detection robustness but may increase sensitivity to sample-dependent epitope changes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranscription factor A, mitochondrial; Transcription factor A, mitochondrial. TFAM (Transcription factor A, mitochondrial), also known as TCF6 or TCF6L2, is a 162-amino acid protein that activates transcription of each mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) strand by binding to an element of approximately 30 nucleotides present in both the light-strand and the heavy-strand promoters. By Southern blot analysis of restriction enzyme digests of human\/Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrid lines, Milatovich et al. (1992) mapped TFAM sequences, which they called MTTF1, to 3 different chromosomes: chromosomes 10, 7p, and 11q. By PCR-based screening of a somatic cell hybrid panel and by fluorescence in situ hybridization, Scott (2007) stated that the sequences mapped to chromosomes 7p (TCF6L1) and 11q (MTTF1, or TCF6L3) are pseudogenes. Larsson et al. (1997) mapped the mouse mitochondrial transcription factor A gene (Tfam) to the central part of mouse chromosome 10. This region exhibits syntenic homology with human 10q21. Mitochondrial transcription factor A is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription in mammals. It also has a role in mitochondrial DNA replication, since transcription generates an RNA primer necessary for initiation of mtDNA replication. Functional note: Binds to the mitochondrial light strand promoter and functions in mitochondrial transcription regulation. Required for accurate and efficient promoter recognition by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Promotes transcription initiation from the HSP1 and the light strand promoter by binding immediately upstream of transcriptional start sites. Is able to unwind DNA. Bends the mitochondrial light strand promoter DNA into a U-turn shape via its HMG boxes. Required for maintenance of normal levels of mitochondrial DNA. May play a role in organizing and compacting mitochondrial DNA. . Reported localization: Mitochondrion. Mitochondrion matrix, mitochondrion nucleoid. Expression\/tissue context: Ubiquitously expressed. .\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eChromatin Binding Proteins: Researchers commonly examine how TFAM (Transcription factor A, mitochondrial) relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDNA\/RNA Binding: Researchers commonly examine how TFAM (Transcription factor A, mitochondrial) relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEpigenetics and Nuclear Signaling: Researchers commonly examine how TFAM (Transcription factor A, mitochondrial) relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eWestern blotting: compare relative TFAM (Transcription factor A, mitochondrial) levels across conditions; band patterns may reflect isoforms and processing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIHC\/IHC-F: assess spatial distribution of TFAM (Transcription factor A, mitochondrial) across tissue regions and cell types using matched controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIF\/ICC: evaluate subcellular localization and co-localization patterns; signal can depend on fixation\/permeabilization and epitope accessibility.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity notes:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross-reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross-reactivity with other proteins\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFamily \/ similarity context:\u003c\/strong\u003e Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIsoforms and PTMs:\u003c\/strong\u003e Apparent size and signal patterns can differ across splice isoforms, proteolytic processing, and post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eControls:\u003c\/strong\u003e Include an isotype control (as relevant), no-primary control for imaging, and orthogonal validation such as KD\/KO samples when available.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt entry for Q00059: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/Q00059\/entry - PubMed search (TFAM): https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=TFAM - NCBI Gene search (TFAM): https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=TFAM - Antibody validation concepts (NIH): https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/research-training\/rigor-reproducibility --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53066823041389,"sku":"PB9447","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Biotin","offer_id":53067005690221,"sku":"PB9447-Biotin","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Cy3","offer_id":53067005722989,"sku":"PB9447-Cy3","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro488","offer_id":53067005755757,"sku":"PB9447-Fluoro488","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro550","offer_id":53067005788525,"sku":"PB9447-Fluoro550","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro594","offer_id":53067005821293,"sku":"PB9447-Fluoro594","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ FITC","offer_id":53067005854061,"sku":"PB9447-FITC","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ HRP","offer_id":53067005886829,"sku":"PB9447-HRP","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ APC","offer_id":53067005919597,"sku":"PB9447-APC","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ PE","offer_id":53067005952365,"sku":"PB9447-PE","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro647","offer_id":53067005985133,"sku":"PB9447-Fluoro647","price":690.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Carrier Free","offer_id":53067006017901,"sku":"PB9447-carrier-free","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/pb9447-fimmu-14-1228374-g002.jpg?v=1772608136"},{"product_id":"anti-ppar-gamma-pparg-antibody-picoband-bha21001267","title":"Anti-PPAR gamma\/PPARG Antibody Picoband®","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis antibody is intended for detection of \u003cstrong\u003ePPARG\u003c\/strong\u003e in biological samples using common immunoassay formats. It is typically selected based on target identity, species reactivity, clonality\/clone information, and detection modality.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVendor notes:\u003c\/em\u003e Boster Bio Anti-PPAR gamma\/PPARG Antibody Picoband® catalog # A00449-2. Tested in WB applications. This antibody reacts with Human. The brand Picoband indicates this is a premium antibody that guarantees superior quality, high affinity, and strong signals with minimal background in Western blot applications. Only our best-performing antibodies are designated as Picoband, ensuring unmatched performance.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rabbit Polyclonal Rabbit IgG\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e A synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence in the middle region of human PPAR gamma, identical to the related mouse and rat sequences.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight context:\u003c\/strong\u003e reported MW: 58 kDa; calculated MW: 57620 MW\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications:\u003c\/strong\u003e WB\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a polyclonal antibody, the reagent recognizes multiple epitopes on the target, which can improve detection robustness but may increase sensitivity to sample-dependent epitope changes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of three nuclear receptor isoforms, PPAR gamma, PPAR alpha, and PPAR delta, encoded by different genes. PPARs are ligand-regulated transcription factors that control gene expression by binding to specific response elements (PPREs) within promoters. PPAR gamma is a transcription factor that has a pivotal role in adipocyte differentiation and expression of adipocyte-specific genes. The PPAR gamma1 and gamma2 isoforms result from alternative splicing and have ligand-dependent and -independent activation domains. PPAR gamma is a member of a family of nuclear receptors\/ligand-dependent transcription factors, which bind to hormone response elements on target gene promoters. PPAR gamma is abundantly expressed in normal lung tissues, especially in endothelial cells, but that its expression is reduced or absent in the angiogenic plexiform lesions of pulmonary hypertensive lungs and in the vascular lesions of a rat model of severe pulmonary hypertension. And it is concluded that fluid shear stress decreases the expression of PPARgamma in endothelial cells and that loss of PPARgamma expression characterizes an abnormal, proliferating, apoptosis-resistant endothelial cell phenotype. Functional note: Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses. Plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of ARNTL\/BMAL1 in the blood vessels (By similarity). . Reported localization: Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Redistributed from the nucleus to the cytosol through a MAP2K1\/MEK1-dependent manner. CCRN4L\/NOC enhances its nuclear translocation. Expression\/tissue context: Highest expression in adipose tissue. Lower in skeletal muscle, spleen, heart and liver. Also detectable in placenta, lung and ovary. .\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAtherosclerosis: Researchers commonly examine how PPARG relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCardiovascular: Researchers commonly examine how PPARG relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2339: Researchers commonly examine how PPARG relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eWestern blotting: compare relative PPARG levels across conditions; band patterns may reflect isoforms and processing.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity notes:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross-reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross-reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIsoforms and PTMs:\u003c\/strong\u003e Apparent size and signal patterns can differ across splice isoforms, proteolytic processing, and post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eControls:\u003c\/strong\u003e Include an isotype control (as relevant), no-primary control for imaging, and orthogonal validation such as KD\/KO samples when available.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt entry for P37231: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P37231\/entry - PubMed search (PPARG): https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=PPARG - NCBI Gene search (PPARG): https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=PPARG - Antibody validation concepts (NIH): https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/research-training\/rigor-reproducibility --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53066855973229,"sku":"A00449-2","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Biotin","offer_id":53067347132781,"sku":"A00449-2-Biotin","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Cy3","offer_id":53067347165549,"sku":"A00449-2-Cy3","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro488","offer_id":53067347198317,"sku":"A00449-2-Fluoro488","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro550","offer_id":53067347231085,"sku":"A00449-2-Fluoro550","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro594","offer_id":53067347263853,"sku":"A00449-2-Fluoro594","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ FITC","offer_id":53067347296621,"sku":"A00449-2-FITC","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ HRP","offer_id":53067347329389,"sku":"A00449-2-HRP","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ APC","offer_id":53067347362157,"sku":"A00449-2-APC","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ PE","offer_id":53067347394925,"sku":"A00449-2-PE","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro647","offer_id":53067347427693,"sku":"A00449-2-Fluoro647","price":690.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Carrier Free","offer_id":53067347460461,"sku":"A00449-2-carrier-free","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/a00449-2-pparg-primary-antibodies-wb-testing-1.jpg?v=1772608294"},{"product_id":"anti-ucp2-antibody-picoband-bha21001287","title":"Anti-UCP2 Antibody Picoband®","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis antibody is intended for detection of \u003cstrong\u003eUCP2\u003c\/strong\u003e in biological samples using common immunoassay formats. It is typically selected based on target identity, species reactivity, clonality\/clone information, and detection modality.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVendor notes:\u003c\/em\u003e Boster Bio Anti-UCP2 Antibody Picoband® catalog # A02256-1. Tested in WB applications. This antibody reacts with Human, Mouse, Rat. The brand Picoband indicates this is a premium antibody that guarantees superior quality, high affinity, and strong signals with minimal background in Western blot applications. Only our best-performing antibodies are designated as Picoband, ensuring unmatched performance.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rabbit Polyclonal Rabbit IgG\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e A synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence in the middle region of human UCP2, different from the related mouse and rat sequences by one amino acid.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight context:\u003c\/strong\u003e reported MW: 33 kDa; calculated MW: 33229 MW\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human,Mouse,Rat\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications:\u003c\/strong\u003e WB\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a polyclonal antibody, the reagent recognizes multiple epitopes on the target, which can improve detection robustness but may increase sensitivity to sample-dependent epitope changes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMitochondrial uncoupling protein 2. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP) are members of the larger family of mitochondrial anion carrier proteins (MACP). UCPs separate oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis with energy dissipated as heat, also referred to as the mitochondrial proton leak. UCPs facilitate the transfer of anions from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane and the return transfer of protons from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. They also reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential in mammalian cells. Tissue specificity occurs for the different UCPs and the exact methods of how UCPs transfer H+\/OH- are not known. UCPs contain the three homologous protein domains of MACPs. This gene is expressed in many tissues, with the greatest expression in skeletal muscle. It is thought to play a role in nonshivering thermogenesis, obesity and diabetes. Chromosomal order is 5'-UCP3-UCP2-3'. Functional note: UCP are mitochondrial transporter proteins that create proton leaks across the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis. As a result, energy is dissipated in the form of heat. Reported localization: Mitochondrion inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Expression\/tissue context: Widely expressed in adult human tissues, including tissues rich in macrophages. Most expressed in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eCancer: Researchers commonly examine how UCP2 relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCancer Metabolism: Researchers commonly examine how UCP2 relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnergy Transfer Pathways: Researchers commonly examine how UCP2 relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eWestern blotting: compare relative UCP2 levels across conditions; band patterns may reflect isoforms and processing.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity notes:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross-reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross-reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIsoforms and PTMs:\u003c\/strong\u003e Apparent size and signal patterns can differ across splice isoforms, proteolytic processing, and post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eControls:\u003c\/strong\u003e Include an isotype control (as relevant), no-primary control for imaging, and orthogonal validation such as KD\/KO samples when available.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt entry for P55851: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P55851\/entry - PubMed search (UCP2): https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=UCP2 - NCBI Gene search (UCP2): https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=UCP2 - Antibody validation concepts (NIH): https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/research-training\/rigor-reproducibility --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53066856530285,"sku":"A02256-1","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Biotin","offer_id":53067355095405,"sku":"A02256-1-Biotin","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Cy3","offer_id":53067355128173,"sku":"A02256-1-Cy3","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro488","offer_id":53067355160941,"sku":"A02256-1-Fluoro488","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro550","offer_id":53067355193709,"sku":"A02256-1-Fluoro550","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro594","offer_id":53067355226477,"sku":"A02256-1-Fluoro594","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ FITC","offer_id":53067355259245,"sku":"A02256-1-FITC","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ HRP","offer_id":53067355292013,"sku":"A02256-1-HRP","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ APC","offer_id":53067355324781,"sku":"A02256-1-APC","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ PE","offer_id":53067355357549,"sku":"A02256-1-PE","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro647","offer_id":53067355390317,"sku":"A02256-1-Fluoro647","price":690.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Carrier Free","offer_id":53067355423085,"sku":"A02256-1-carrier-free","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/a02256-1-1-western-blotting.jpg?v=1772608302"},{"product_id":"anti-ampk-beta-2-prkab2-antibody-picoband-monoclonal-6g1-bha21001822","title":"Anti-AMPK beta 2 PRKAB2 Antibody Picoband® (monoclonal, 6G1)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis antibody is intended for detection of \u003cstrong\u003ePRKAB2 (RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1)\u003c\/strong\u003e in biological samples using common immunoassay formats. It is typically selected based on target identity, species reactivity, clonality\/clone information, and detection modality.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVendor notes:\u003c\/em\u003e Boster Bio Anti-AMPK beta 2 PRKAB2 Antibody Picoband® (monoclonal, 6G1) catalog # M05077. Tested in Flow Cytometry, IHC, ICC, WB applications. This antibody reacts with Human. The brand Picoband indicates this is a premium antibody that guarantees superior quality, high affinity, and strong signals with minimal background in Western blot applications. Only our best-performing antibodies are designated as Picoband, ensuring unmatched performance.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Mouse Monoclonal Mouse IgG2b\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eClone number:\u003c\/strong\u003e Clone: 6G1\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e A synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence at the N-terminus of human AMPK beta 2, different from the related mouse sequence by three amino acids, and from the related rat sequence by two amino acids.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight context:\u003c\/strong\u003e reported MW: 34 kDa; calculated MW: nan\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications:\u003c\/strong\u003e Flow Cytometry, IHC, ICC, WB\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a monoclonal antibody, the reagent targets a defined epitope, supporting consistency across experiments; epitope masking by PTMs or conformational changes can affect signal.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1; protein kinase, AMP-activated, beta 2 non-catalytic subunit. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAB2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a heterotrimer consisting of an alpha catalytic subunit, and non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits. It is an important energy-sensing enzyme that monitors cellular energy status. In response to cellular metabolic stresses, AMPK is activated, and thus phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and beta-hydroxy beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), key enzymes involved in regulating de novo biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol. This subunit may be a positive regulator of AMPK activity. It is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and thus may have tissue-specific roles. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. Functional note: Non-catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by inly activating myosin. Beta non-catalytic subunit acts as a scaffold on which the AMPK complex assembles, via its C-terminus that bridges alpha (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) and gamma subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3). Reported localization: Cytoplasm . Nucleus . Expression\/tissue context: Detected in fetal kidney, brain, liver and lung, and in adult brain and pancreas. Detected in hepatoma cell lines.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eCell Adhesion Proteins: Researchers commonly examine how PRKAB2 (RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1) relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEpigenetics and Nuclear Signaling: Researchers commonly examine how PRKAB2 (RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1) relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIntegrins: Researchers commonly examine how PRKAB2 (RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1) relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eWestern blotting: compare relative PRKAB2 (RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1) levels across conditions; band patterns may reflect isoforms and processing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIHC\/IHC-F: assess spatial distribution of PRKAB2 (RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 1) across tissue regions and cell types using matched controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIF\/ICC: evaluate subcellular localization and co-localization patterns; signal can depend on fixation\/permeabilization and epitope accessibility.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlow cytometry: quantify target-positive populations and shifts in expression; gating strategy and background staining controls are essential.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity notes:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross-reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross-reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIsoforms and PTMs:\u003c\/strong\u003e Apparent size and signal patterns can differ across splice isoforms, proteolytic processing, and post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eControls:\u003c\/strong\u003e Include an isotype control (as relevant), no-primary control for imaging, and orthogonal validation such as KD\/KO samples when available.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt entry for O43741: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/O43741\/entry - PubMed search (PRKAB2): https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=PRKAB2 - NCBI Gene search (PRKAB2): https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=PRKAB2 - Antibody validation concepts (NIH): https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/research-training\/rigor-reproducibility --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53066873569645,"sku":"M05077","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Biotin","offer_id":53067543511405,"sku":"M05077-Biotin","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Cy3","offer_id":53067543544173,"sku":"M05077-Cy3","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro488","offer_id":53067543576941,"sku":"M05077-Fluoro488","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro550","offer_id":53067543609709,"sku":"M05077-Fluoro550","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro594","offer_id":53067543642477,"sku":"M05077-Fluoro594","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ FITC","offer_id":53067543675245,"sku":"M05077-FITC","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ HRP","offer_id":53067543708013,"sku":"M05077-HRP","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ APC","offer_id":53067543740781,"sku":"M05077-APC","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ PE","offer_id":53067543773549,"sku":"M05077-PE","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro647","offer_id":53067543806317,"sku":"M05077-Fluoro647","price":690.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Carrier Free","offer_id":53067543839085,"sku":"M05077-carrier-free","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/M05077-AMPK-beta-2-primary-antibodies-FC-testing-1.jpg?v=1772608394"},{"product_id":"anti-nrf1-antibody-picoband-bha21001939","title":"Anti-NRF1 Antibody Picoband®","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis antibody is intended for detection of \u003cstrong\u003eNRF1\u003c\/strong\u003e in biological samples using common immunoassay formats. It is typically selected based on target identity, species reactivity, clonality\/clone information, and detection modality.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVendor notes:\u003c\/em\u003e Boster Bio Anti-NRF1 Antibody Picoband® catalog # A01129-2. Tested in ELISA, Flow Cytometry, IHC, WB applications. This antibody reacts with Human, Mouse, Rat. The brand Picoband indicates this is a premium antibody that guarantees superior quality, high affinity, and strong signals with minimal background in Western blot applications. Only our best-performing antibodies are designated as Picoband, ensuring unmatched performance.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rabbit Polyclonal Rabbit IgG\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e E. coli-derived human NRF1 recombinant protein (Position: D246-Q503). (reported region: D246-Q503).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight context:\u003c\/strong\u003e reported MW: 65 kDa; calculated MW: nan\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human,Mouse,Rat\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications:\u003c\/strong\u003e ELISA, Flow Cytometry, IHC, WB\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a polyclonal antibody, the reagent recognizes multiple epitopes on the target, which can improve detection robustness but may increase sensitivity to sample-dependent epitope changes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003enuclear respiratory factor 1. Nuclear respiratory factor 1, is also known as NRF1. This gene encodes a protein that homodimerizes and functions as a transcription factor which activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. The protein has also been associated with the regulation of neurite outgrowth. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Confusion has occurred in bibliographic databases due to the shared symbol of NRF1 for this gene and for nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 1 which has an official symbol of NFE2L1. Functional note: Transcription factor that activates the expression of the EIF2S1 (EIF2-alpha) gene. Links the transcriptional modulation of key metabolic genes to cellular growth and development. Implicated in the control of nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. Reported localization: Nucleus. Expression\/tissue context: Ubiquitously expressed with strongest expression in skeletal muscle.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eEpigenetics and Nuclear Signaling: Researchers commonly examine how NRF1 relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolic Signaling Pathways: Researchers commonly examine how NRF1 relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMetabolism: Researchers commonly examine how NRF1 relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eWestern blotting: compare relative NRF1 levels across conditions; band patterns may reflect isoforms and processing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIHC\/IHC-F: assess spatial distribution of NRF1 across tissue regions and cell types using matched controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlow cytometry: quantify target-positive populations and shifts in expression; gating strategy and background staining controls are essential.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eELISA-compatible use: when applicable, interpret signal as relative abundance across sample sets with consistent handling and dilution strategy.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity notes:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross-reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross-reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIsoforms and PTMs:\u003c\/strong\u003e Apparent size and signal patterns can differ across splice isoforms, proteolytic processing, and post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eControls:\u003c\/strong\u003e Include an isotype control (as relevant), no-primary control for imaging, and orthogonal validation such as KD\/KO samples when available.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt entry for Q16656: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/Q16656\/entry - PubMed search (NRF1): https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=NRF1 - NCBI Gene search (NRF1): https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=NRF1 - Antibody validation concepts (NIH): https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/research-training\/rigor-reproducibility --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53066875371885,"sku":"A01129-2","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Biotin","offer_id":53067568742765,"sku":"A01129-2-Biotin","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Cy3","offer_id":53067568775533,"sku":"A01129-2-Cy3","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro488","offer_id":53067568808301,"sku":"A01129-2-Fluoro488","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro550","offer_id":53067568841069,"sku":"A01129-2-Fluoro550","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro594","offer_id":53067568873837,"sku":"A01129-2-Fluoro594","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ FITC","offer_id":53067568906605,"sku":"A01129-2-FITC","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ HRP","offer_id":53067568939373,"sku":"A01129-2-HRP","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ APC","offer_id":53067568972141,"sku":"A01129-2-APC","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ PE","offer_id":53067569004909,"sku":"A01129-2-PE","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro647","offer_id":53067569037677,"sku":"A01129-2-Fluoro647","price":690.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Carrier Free","offer_id":53067569070445,"sku":"A01129-2-carrier-free","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/A01129-2-NRF1-primary-antibodies-WB-testing-1.jpg?v=1772608411"},{"product_id":"anti-nrf1-antibody-picoband-monoclonal-2g4-bha21002279","title":"Anti-NRF1 Antibody Picoband® (monoclonal, 2G4)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnti-NRF1 Antibody Picoband® (monoclonal, 2G4) is an antibody for NRF1 detection raised in Mouse (Monoclonal, clone Clone: 2G4, Mouse IgG2a), with reported reactivity: Human. Commonly used in WB, IHC, IF, ICC, Flow Cytometry, ELISA workflows.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e NRF1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1); UniProt: Q16656\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Mouse, Monoclonal, clone Clone: 2G4, Mouse IgG2a\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 54-70 kDa\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications:\u003c\/strong\u003e WB, IHC, IF, ICC, Flow Cytometry, ELISA\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVendor description (summary):\u003c\/strong\u003e Boster Bio Anti-NRF1 Antibody Picoband® (monoclonal, 2G4) catalog # M01129-1.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiological context:\u003c\/strong\u003e Transcription factor that activates the expression of the EIF2S1 (EIF2-alpha) gene. Links the transcriptional modulation of key metabolic genes to cellular growth and development. Implicated in the control of nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpression and localization notes:\u003c\/strong\u003e cellular localization: Nucleus., tissue context: Ubiquitously expressed with strongest expression in skeletal muscle..\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWestern blotting (WB):\u003c\/strong\u003e Compare NRF1 levels across samples and conditions using appropriate loading and biological controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunohistochemistry (IHC):\u003c\/strong\u003e Evaluate spatial distribution of NRF1 in tissue sections, considering fixation and antigen retrieval effects.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunofluorescence \/ ICC:\u003c\/strong\u003e Assess subcellular localization patterns and co-localization with compartment markers in cultured cells.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFlow cytometry:\u003c\/strong\u003e Quantify NRF1-positive populations in single-cell suspensions with appropriate gating and controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eELISA:\u003c\/strong\u003e Use antibody-based detection formats to assess antigen presence or binding in plate-based assays.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAccount for isoforms, post-translational modifications, and sample-specific processing that can shift apparent molecular weight or epitope accessibility.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eUse positive\/negative biological controls where possible (e.g., known-expressing cells\/tissues, knockdown\/knockout models) and include appropriate secondary-only\/isotype controls for imaging workflows.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAdditional product notes (from provided fields)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c\/strong\u003e Nuclear respiratory factor 1, is also known as NRF1. This gene encodes a protein that homodimerizes and functions as a transcription factor which activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. The protein has also been associated with the regulation of neurite outgrowth. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Confusion has occurred in bibliographic databases due to the shared symbol of NRF1 for this gene and for nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 1 which has an official symbol of NFE2L1.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross-reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCellular localization:\u003c\/strong\u003e Nucleus.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTissue details:\u003c\/strong\u003e Ubiquitously expressed with strongest expression in skeletal muscle.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eResearch category:\u003c\/strong\u003e G Protein Signaling,Signal Transduction,Signaling Pathway\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt entry for Q16656: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprot\/Q16656 - Ensembl search (NRF1): https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=NRF1 - Human Protein Atlas search (NRF1): https:\/\/www.proteinatlas.org\/search\/NRF1 - PubMed search (NRF1): https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=NRF1 --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53067706335597,"sku":"M01129-1","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Biotin","offer_id":53067825480045,"sku":"M01129-1-Biotin","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Cy3","offer_id":53067825512813,"sku":"M01129-1-Cy3","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro488","offer_id":53067825545581,"sku":"M01129-1-Fluoro488","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro550","offer_id":53067825578349,"sku":"M01129-1-Fluoro550","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro594","offer_id":53067825611117,"sku":"M01129-1-Fluoro594","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ FITC","offer_id":53067825643885,"sku":"M01129-1-FITC","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ HRP","offer_id":53067825676653,"sku":"M01129-1-HRP","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ APC","offer_id":53067825709421,"sku":"M01129-1-APC","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ PE","offer_id":53067825742189,"sku":"M01129-1-PE","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro647","offer_id":53067825774957,"sku":"M01129-1-Fluoro647","price":690.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Carrier Free","offer_id":53067825807725,"sku":"M01129-1-carrier-free","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/m01129-1-nrf1-primary-antibodies-wb-testing-1.jpg?v=1772609598"},{"product_id":"anti-ucp3-antibody-picoband-bha21004149","title":"Anti-UCP3 Antibody Picoband®","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnti-UCP3 Antibody Picoband® is an antibody for UCP3 detection raised in Rabbit (Polyclonal, Rabbit IgG), with reported reactivity: Human,Mouse,Rat. Commonly used in WB, IHC, Flow Cytometry, ELISA workflows.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e UCP3 (Ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3); UniProt: P55916\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rabbit, Polyclonal, Rabbit IgG\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 30 kDa, calculated 35864 MW\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications:\u003c\/strong\u003e WB, IHC, Flow Cytometry, ELISA\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVendor description (summary):\u003c\/strong\u003e Boster Bio Anti-UCP3 Antibody Picoband® catalog # A01769-3.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiological context:\u003c\/strong\u003e E2 conjugating enzyme required for the cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt), autophagy, and mitochondrial homeostasis. Responsible for the E2-like covalent binding of phosphatidylethanolamine to the C-terminal Gly of ATG8-like proteins (GABARAP, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2 or MAP1LC3A). The ATG12- ATG5 conjugate plays a role of an E3 and promotes the transfer of ATG8-like proteins from ATG3 to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). This step is required for the membrane association of ATG8-like proteins. The formation of the ATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugates is essential for autophagy and for the cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt). Preferred substrate is MAP1LC3A. Also acts as an autocatalytic E2-like enzyme, catalyzing the conjugation of ATG12 to itself, ATG12 conjugation to ATG3 playing a role in mitochondrial homeostasis but not in autophagy. ATG7 (E1-like enzyme) facilitates this reaction by forming an E1-E2 complex with ATG3. Promotes primary ciliogenesis by removing OFD1 from centriolar satellites via the autophagic pathway. .\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpression and localization notes:\u003c\/strong\u003e cellular localization: Cytoplasm ., tissue context: Widely expressed, with a highest expression in heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver and placenta. ..\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWestern blotting (WB):\u003c\/strong\u003e Compare UCP3 levels across samples and conditions using appropriate loading and biological controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunohistochemistry (IHC):\u003c\/strong\u003e Evaluate spatial distribution of UCP3 in tissue sections, considering fixation and antigen retrieval effects.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFlow cytometry:\u003c\/strong\u003e Quantify UCP3-positive populations in single-cell suspensions with appropriate gating and controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eELISA:\u003c\/strong\u003e Use antibody-based detection formats to assess antigen presence or binding in plate-based assays.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAccount for isoforms, post-translational modifications, and sample-specific processing that can shift apparent molecular weight or epitope accessibility.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eUse positive\/negative biological controls where possible (e.g., known-expressing cells\/tissues, knockdown\/knockout models) and include appropriate secondary-only\/isotype controls for imaging workflows.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAdditional product notes (from provided fields)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c\/strong\u003e Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UCP3 gene. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP) are members of the larger family of mitochondrial anion carrier proteins (MACP). UCPs separate oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis with energy dissipated as heat, also referred to as the mitochondrial proton leak. UCPs facilitate the transfer of anions from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane and the return transfer of protons from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. They also reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential in mammalian cells. The different UCPs have tissue-specific expression; this gene is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle. This gene's protein product is postulated to protect mitochondria against lipid-induced oxidative stress. Expression levels of this gene increase when fatty acid supplies to mitochondria exceed their oxidation capacity and the protein enables the export of fatty acids from mitochondria. UCPs contain the three solcar protein domains typically found in MACPs. Two splice variants have been found for this gene.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross-reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCellular localization:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cytoplasm .\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTissue details:\u003c\/strong\u003e Widely expressed, with a highest expression in heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver and placenta. .\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eResearch category:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cell Type Marker,Hematopoietic Progenitors,Neural Stem Cells,Neuroscience,Stem Cells,Surface Molecules\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt entry for P55916: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprot\/P55916 - Ensembl search (UCP3): https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/Multi\/Search\/Results?q=UCP3 - Human Protein Atlas search (UCP3): https:\/\/www.proteinatlas.org\/search\/UCP3 - PubMed search (UCP3): https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=UCP3 --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53067771740525,"sku":"A01769-3","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Biotin","offer_id":53068542673261,"sku":"A01769-3-Biotin","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Cy3","offer_id":53068542706029,"sku":"A01769-3-Cy3","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro488","offer_id":53068542738797,"sku":"A01769-3-Fluoro488","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro550","offer_id":53068542771565,"sku":"A01769-3-Fluoro550","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro594","offer_id":53068542804333,"sku":"A01769-3-Fluoro594","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ FITC","offer_id":53068542837101,"sku":"A01769-3-FITC","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ HRP","offer_id":53068542869869,"sku":"A01769-3-HRP","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ APC","offer_id":53068542902637,"sku":"A01769-3-APC","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ PE","offer_id":53068542935405,"sku":"A01769-3-PE","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro647","offer_id":53068542968173,"sku":"A01769-3-Fluoro647","price":690.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Carrier Free","offer_id":53068543000941,"sku":"A01769-3-carrier-free","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/a01769-3-ucp3-primary-antibodies-wb-testing-1.jpg?v=1772609924"},{"product_id":"anti-mttfa-tfam-antibody-picoband-bha21007175","title":"Anti-mtTFA\/TFAM Antibody Picoband®","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnti-mtTFA\/TFAM Antibody Picoband® is an antibody targeting \u003cstrong\u003eTFAM\u003c\/strong\u003e. Common applications include \u003cstrong\u003eWB, IHC, ICC, IF, Flow Cytometry, ELISA\u003c\/strong\u003e. Key specifications include host: \u003cstrong\u003eRabbit\u003c\/strong\u003e; clonality: \u003cstrong\u003ePolyclonal\u003c\/strong\u003e; isotype: \u003cstrong\u003eRabbit IgG\u003c\/strong\u003e; reactivity: \u003cstrong\u003eHuman\u003c\/strong\u003e; observed MW: \u003cstrong\u003e24 kDa\u003c\/strong\u003e; calculated MW: \u003cstrong\u003e29097 MW\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoster Bio Anti-mtTFA\/TFAM Antibody catalog # PA1936. Tested in IF, IHC, ICC, WB applications. This antibody reacts with Human. The brand Picoband indicates this is a premium antibody that guarantees superior quality, high affinity, and strong signals with minimal background in Western blot applications. Only our best-performing antibodies are designated as Picoband, ensuring unmatched performance.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e TFAM — Transcription factor A, mitochondrial\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Host: Rabbit; Clonality: Polyclonal; Isotype: Rabbit IgG\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight guidance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Observed: 24 kDa; Calculated: 29097 MW\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity note:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtein function (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e Binds to the mitochondrial light strand promoter and functions in mitochondrial transcription regulation. Required for accurate and efficient promoter recognition by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Promotes transcription initiation from the HSP1 and the light strand promoter by binding immediately upstream of transcriptional start sites. Is able to unwind DNA. Bends the mitochondrial light strand promoter DNA into a U-turn shape via its HMG boxes. Required for maintenance of normal levels of mitochondrial DNA. May play a role in organizing and compacting mitochondrial DNA. .\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScientific background (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e TFAM (Transcription factor A, mitochondrial), also known as TCF6 or TCF6L2, is a 162-amino acid protein that activates transcription of each mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) strand by binding to an element of approximately 30 nucleotides present in both the light-strand and the heavy-strand promoters. By Southern blot analysis of restriction enzyme digests of human\/Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrid lines, Milatovich et al. (1992) mapped TFAM sequences, which they called MTTF1, to 3 different chromosomes: chromosomes 10, 7p, and 11q. By PCR-based screening of a somatic cell hybrid panel and by fluorescence in situ hybridization, Scott (2007) stated that the sequences mapped to chromosomes 7p (TCF6L1) and 11q (MTTF1, or TCF6L3) are pseudogenes. Larsson et al. (1997) mapped the mouse mitochondrial transcription factor A gene (Tfam) to the central part of mouse chromosome 10. This region exhibits syntenic homology with human 10q21. Mitochondrial transcription factor A is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription in mammals. It also has a role in mitochondrial DNA replication, since transcription generates an RNA primer necessary for initiation of mtDNA replication.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCellular localization (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e Mitochondrion. Mitochondrion matrix, mitochondrion nucleoid.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTissue details (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e Widely expressed in different tissues.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence similarities (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e Belongs to the FAM10 family.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCommonly studied in contexts related to Metabolism,Mitochondria,Mitochondrial Markers,Mitochondrial Metabolism,Nucleotide Metabolism,Organelles,Pathways and Processes,Subcellular Markers,Tags \u0026amp; Cell Markers,Transcription,Transcription Factors.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupports comparative expression analysis across conditions, genotypes, or treatments when paired with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUseful for confirming target presence and subcellular distribution using orthogonal readouts (e.g., microscopy vs. immunoblotting).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWestern blot (WB):\u003c\/strong\u003e Compare relative target abundance and apparent size\/isoforms across samples; interpret bands in light of expected MW and potential PTMs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eELISA:\u003c\/strong\u003e Measure target abundance in compatible matrices using a standard-curve readout; ensure dilution linearity and appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunohistochemistry (IHC):\u003c\/strong\u003e Assess tissue distribution and cell-type patterns; interpret staining with appropriate negative controls and antigen context.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunofluorescence \/ ICC:\u003c\/strong\u003e Visualize subcellular localization and co-localization patterns; consider fixation\/permeabilization compatibility and controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFlow cytometry:\u003c\/strong\u003e Quantify target-positive populations in single-cell suspensions; pair with viability and isotype\/FMO controls conceptually.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsider isoforms, post-translational modifications, and processing that can shift apparent molecular weight or localization.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross-reactivity (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross-reactivity with other proteins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUse appropriate positive and negative controls (e.g., KO\/KD, blocking peptide, or isotype controls) to support specificity interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a polyclonal antibody, this reagent may recognize multiple epitopes on the target, which can improve detection robustness but may require careful specificity controls.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal):\u003cbr\u003e- Product datasheet fields provided in this catalog row (vendor-supplied).\u003cbr\u003e- UniProt Knowledgebase (general protein annotations): https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/\u003cbr\u003e- NCBI Gene (general gene-level references): https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/\u003cbr\u003e--\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53069801357677,"sku":"PA1936","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Biotin","offer_id":53070261289325,"sku":"PA1936-Biotin","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Cy3","offer_id":53070261322093,"sku":"PA1936-Cy3","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro488","offer_id":53070261354861,"sku":"PA1936-Fluoro488","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro550","offer_id":53070261387629,"sku":"PA1936-Fluoro550","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro594","offer_id":53070261420397,"sku":"PA1936-Fluoro594","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ FITC","offer_id":53070261453165,"sku":"PA1936-FITC","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ HRP","offer_id":53070261485933,"sku":"PA1936-HRP","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ APC","offer_id":53070261518701,"sku":"PA1936-APC","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ PE","offer_id":53070261551469,"sku":"PA1936-PE","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro647","offer_id":53070261584237,"sku":"PA1936-Fluoro647","price":690.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Carrier Free","offer_id":53070261617005,"sku":"PA1936-carrier-free","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/pa1936-mttfa-primary-antibodies-wb-testing-1.jpg?v=1772612605"},{"product_id":"anti-nuclear-respiratory-factor-1-nrf1-antibody-picoband-bha21007186","title":"Anti-Nuclear respiratory factor 1 NRF1 Antibody Picoband®","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnti-Nuclear respiratory factor 1 NRF1 Antibody Picoband® is an antibody targeting \u003cstrong\u003eNRF1\u003c\/strong\u003e. Common applications include \u003cstrong\u003eWB, IHC, ICC, Flow Cytometry, ELISA\u003c\/strong\u003e. Key specifications include host: \u003cstrong\u003eRabbit\u003c\/strong\u003e; clonality: \u003cstrong\u003ePolyclonal\u003c\/strong\u003e; isotype: \u003cstrong\u003eRabbit IgG\u003c\/strong\u003e; reactivity: \u003cstrong\u003eHuman,Mouse,Rat\u003c\/strong\u003e; observed MW: \u003cstrong\u003e75 kDa\u003c\/strong\u003e; calculated MW: \u003cstrong\u003e53541 MW\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoster Bio Anti-Nuclear respiratory factor 1 NRF1 Antibody catalog # PA1948. Tested in IHC, ICC, WB applications. This antibody reacts with Human, Mouse, Rat. The brand Picoband indicates this is a premium antibody that guarantees superior quality, high affinity, and strong signals with minimal background in Western blot applications. Only our best-performing antibodies are designated as Picoband, ensuring unmatched performance.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e NRF1 — Nuclear respiratory factor 1\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Host: Rabbit; Clonality: Polyclonal; Isotype: Rabbit IgG\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human,Mouse,Rat\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight guidance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Observed: 75 kDa; Calculated: 53541 MW\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity note:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtein function (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e Transcription factor that activates the expression of the EIF2S1 (EIF2-alpha) gene. Links the transcriptional modulation of key metabolic genes to cellular growth and development. Implicated in the control of nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScientific background (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e Nuclear respiratory factor 1, is also known as NRF1. This gene encodes a protein that homodimerizes and functions as a transcription factor which activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. The protein has also been associated with the regulation of neurite outgrowth. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Confusion has occurred in bibliographic databases due to the shared symbol of NRF1 for this gene and for nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 1 which has an official symbol of NFE2L1.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCellular localization (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e Nucleus.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTissue details (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e Ubiquitously expressed with strongest expression in skeletal muscle.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence similarities (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e Belongs to the NRF1\/Ewg family.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCommonly studied in contexts related to Epigenetics and Nuclear Signaling,Metabolic Signaling Pathways,Metabolism,Mitochondrial Metabolism,Nucleotide Metabolism,Pathways and Processes,Pol II Transcription,Polymerase Associated Factors,Transcription,Transcription Factors.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupports comparative expression analysis across conditions, genotypes, or treatments when paired with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUseful for confirming target presence and subcellular distribution using orthogonal readouts (e.g., microscopy vs. immunoblotting).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWestern blot (WB):\u003c\/strong\u003e Compare relative target abundance and apparent size\/isoforms across samples; interpret bands in light of expected MW and potential PTMs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eELISA:\u003c\/strong\u003e Measure target abundance in compatible matrices using a standard-curve readout; ensure dilution linearity and appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunohistochemistry (IHC):\u003c\/strong\u003e Assess tissue distribution and cell-type patterns; interpret staining with appropriate negative controls and antigen context.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunofluorescence \/ ICC:\u003c\/strong\u003e Visualize subcellular localization and co-localization patterns; consider fixation\/permeabilization compatibility and controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFlow cytometry:\u003c\/strong\u003e Quantify target-positive populations in single-cell suspensions; pair with viability and isotype\/FMO controls conceptually.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsider isoforms, post-translational modifications, and processing that can shift apparent molecular weight or localization.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross-reactivity (datasheet):\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross-reactivity with other proteins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUse appropriate positive and negative controls (e.g., KO\/KD, blocking peptide, or isotype controls) to support specificity interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a polyclonal antibody, this reagent may recognize multiple epitopes on the target, which can improve detection robustness but may require careful specificity controls.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal):\u003cbr\u003e- Product datasheet fields provided in this catalog row (vendor-supplied).\u003cbr\u003e- UniProt Knowledgebase (general protein annotations): https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/\u003cbr\u003e- NCBI Gene (general gene-level references): https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/\u003cbr\u003e--\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53069801750893,"sku":"PA1948","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Biotin","offer_id":53070263877997,"sku":"PA1948-Biotin","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Cy3","offer_id":53070263910765,"sku":"PA1948-Cy3","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro488","offer_id":53070263943533,"sku":"PA1948-Fluoro488","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro550","offer_id":53070263976301,"sku":"PA1948-Fluoro550","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro594","offer_id":53070264009069,"sku":"PA1948-Fluoro594","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ FITC","offer_id":53070264041837,"sku":"PA1948-FITC","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ HRP","offer_id":53070264074605,"sku":"PA1948-HRP","price":587.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ APC","offer_id":53070264107373,"sku":"PA1948-APC","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ PE","offer_id":53070264140141,"sku":"PA1948-PE","price":844.6,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro647","offer_id":53070264172909,"sku":"PA1948-Fluoro647","price":690.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Carrier Free","offer_id":53070264205677,"sku":"PA1948-carrier-free","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/pa1948-2-IHC-anti-nrf1-antibody.jpg?v=1772558387"},{"product_id":"anti-ppar-gamma-rabbit-monoclonal-antibody-bha21008493","title":"Anti-PPAR gamma Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis product is an anti-PPARG antibody for target detection and characterization. Key identifiers include host species: Rabbit; Monoclonal; clone AOFH-16; isotype Rabbit IgG; reactivity: Human. Reported application contexts include WB (as provided in the source record). Boster Bio Anti-PPAR gamma Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody catalog # M00449. Tested in WB application. This antibody reacts with Human.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e PPARG (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Monoclonal; clone AOFH-16; isotype Rabbit IgG.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHost:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rabbit.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human (confirm in your model system with appropriate controls).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis description is intended to help interpret the antibody design and the biological context of the target using the fields provided in the catalog record, alongside general experimental considerations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPARG (protein: T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4) is a commonly studied target in molecular and cellular biology. Functional context (as provided): Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses. Plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of ARNTL\/BMAL1 in the blood vessels (By similarity). . Reported cellular localization context: Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Redistributed from the nucleus to the cytosol through a MAP2K1\/MEK1-dependent manner. CCRN4L\/NOC enhances its nuclear translocation. Tissue expression notes (as provided): Highest expression in adipose tissue. Lower in skeletal muscle, spleen, heart and liver. Also detectable in placenta, lung and ovary. .\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eResearch context keywords from the source record include: Atherosclerosis,Cardiovascular,2339,Diabetes,Diabetes-associated,Domain Families,Epigenetics and Nuclear Signaling,Fatty Acid Oxidation,Fatty Acids,Heart Disease,Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism,Lipids\/Lipoproteins,Mesenchymal Stem Cells,Metabolic Signaling Pathways,Metabolism,Neurology Process,Neuroscience,Obesity,Pathways and Processes,Redox Metabolism,Stem Cells,Transcription,Zinc Finger.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCurrent studies often focus on connecting target abundance\/localization to pathway perturbations across models, tissues, and cell states.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuantitative and multiplexed assays (e.g., imaging + immunoblot panels) are commonly used to compare phenotypes across conditions and time-courses.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWestern blotting (WB):\u003c\/strong\u003e assess relative target abundance across samples, treatments, or time-points.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorkflow ideas (metafield): Validate PPARG antibody specificity using KO\/KD control samples (WB\/IF\/IHC as appropriate), Detect PPARG expression by Western blot in cell or tissue lysates, Compare relative PPARG levels across experimental conditions (dose\/time-course) using antibody-based readouts\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eConsider isoforms and post-translational modifications (PTMs) that may shift apparent molecular weight or epitope accessibility.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApparent molecular weight may vary by sample type and processing (observed MW: 73 kDa; calculated MW: 57620 MW).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include appropriate negative controls (e.g., isotype, KO\/KD samples) and orthogonal validation when feasible.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAdditional product details (from the source record)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight (observed):\u003c\/strong\u003e 73 kDa\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCellular localization (provided):\u003c\/strong\u003e Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Redistributed from the nucleus to the cytosol through a MAP2K1\/MEK1-dependent manner. CCRN4L\/NOC enhances its nuclear translocation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTissue details (provided):\u003c\/strong\u003e Highest expression in adipose tissue. Lower in skeletal muscle, spleen, heart and liver. Also detectable in placenta, lung and ovary. .\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - Antibodies — a laboratory manual overview — Cold Spring Harbor Protocols — https:\/\/cshprotocols.cshlp.org\/ - UniProt Knowledgebase — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/ - NCBI Gene — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/ - Antibody validation and reproducibility — Nature methods (collections) — https:\/\/www.nature.com\/collections\/ - Immunohistochemistry\/Immunofluorescence basics — NIH \/ NCBI Bookshelf — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/ --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 uL\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53071939174765,"sku":"M00449","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/m00449-wb7.jpg?v=1772618421"},{"product_id":"anti-ampk-gamma-1-rabbit-monoclonal-antibody-bha21008570","title":"Anti-AMPK gamma 1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis product is an anti-PRKAG1 antibody for target detection and characterization. Key identifiers include host species: Rabbit; Monoclonal; clone GDE-16; isotype Rabbit IgG; reactivity: Human,Mouse,Rat. Reported application contexts include WB, IP, Flow (as provided in the source record). Boster Bio Anti-AMPK gamma 1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody catalog # M04467. Tested in WB, IP, Flow Cytometry applications. This antibody reacts with Human, Mouse, Rat.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e PRKAG1 (5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Monoclonal; clone GDE-16; isotype Rabbit IgG.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHost:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rabbit.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human,Mouse,Rat (confirm in your model system with appropriate controls).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis description is intended to help interpret the antibody design and the biological context of the target using the fields provided in the catalog record, alongside general experimental considerations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRKAG1 (protein: T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 zeta chain) is a commonly studied target in molecular and cellular biology. Functional context (as provided): AMP\/ATP-binding subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by inly activating myosin. Gamma non-catalytic subunit mediates binding to AMP, ADP and ATP, leading to activate or inhibit AMPK: AMP-binding results in allosteric activation of alpha catalytic subunit (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) both by inducing phosphorylation and preventing dephosphorylation of catalytic subunits. ADP also stimulates phosphorylation, without stimulating already phosphorylated catalytic subunit. ATP promotes dephosphorylation of catalytic subunit, rendering the AMPK enzyme inactive. . Reported cellular localization context: Membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Tissue expression notes (as provided): Leukocytes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eResearch context keywords from the source record include: Cell Adhesion,Cell Type Markers,Cytoskeleton\/ECM,Hematopoietic Progenitors,Immunology,Integrins,Myeloid,Signal Transduction,Stem Cells.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCurrent studies often focus on connecting target abundance\/localization to pathway perturbations across models, tissues, and cell states.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuantitative and multiplexed assays (e.g., imaging + immunoblot panels) are commonly used to compare phenotypes across conditions and time-courses.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWestern blotting (WB):\u003c\/strong\u003e assess relative target abundance across samples, treatments, or time-points.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFlow cytometry:\u003c\/strong\u003e quantify target-positive populations and compare shifts in marker distributions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunoprecipitation (IP):\u003c\/strong\u003e enrich target complexes for downstream immunoblot or interaction analyses.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorkflow ideas (metafield): Validate PRKAG1 antibody specificity using KO\/KD control samples (WB\/IF\/IHC as appropriate), Detect PRKAG1 expression by Western blot in cell or tissue lysates, Quantify PRKAG1-positive cells by flow cytometry in single-cell suspensions, Enrich PRKAG1 by immunoprecipitation from lysates for downstream analysis\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eConsider isoforms and post-translational modifications (PTMs) that may shift apparent molecular weight or epitope accessibility.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApparent molecular weight may vary by sample type and processing (observed MW: 185 kDa; calculated MW: 37579 MW).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include appropriate negative controls (e.g., isotype, KO\/KD samples) and orthogonal validation when feasible.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAdditional product details (from the source record)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight (observed):\u003c\/strong\u003e 185 kDa\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCellular localization (provided):\u003c\/strong\u003e Membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTissue details (provided):\u003c\/strong\u003e Leukocytes.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - Antibodies — a laboratory manual overview — Cold Spring Harbor Protocols — https:\/\/cshprotocols.cshlp.org\/ - UniProt Knowledgebase — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/ - NCBI Gene — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/ - Antibody validation and reproducibility — Nature methods (collections) — https:\/\/www.nature.com\/collections\/ - Immunohistochemistry\/Immunofluorescence basics — NIH \/ NCBI Bookshelf — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/ --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 uL\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53071941828973,"sku":"M04467","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/m04467-wb.jpg?v=1772618505"},{"product_id":"anti-nrf1-rabbit-monoclonal-antibody-bha21008989","title":"Anti-NRF1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis product is an anti-NRF1 antibody for target detection and characterization. Key identifiers include host species: Rabbit; Monoclonal; clone ADGI-14; isotype Rabbit IgG; reactivity: Human,Mouse,Rat. Reported application contexts include WB, IHC, ICC, IF, IP, Flow (as provided in the source record). Boster Bio Anti-NRF1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody catalog # M01129. Tested in WB, IHC, ICC\/IF, IP, Flow Cytometry applications. This antibody reacts with Human, Mouse, Rat.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e NRF1 (14-3-3 protein sigma).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Monoclonal; clone ADGI-14; isotype Rabbit IgG.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHost:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rabbit.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human,Mouse,Rat (confirm in your model system with appropriate controls).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis description is intended to help interpret the antibody design and the biological context of the target using the fields provided in the catalog record, alongside general experimental considerations.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNRF1 (protein: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (gsk3b)) is a commonly studied target in molecular and cellular biology. Functional context (as provided): Adapter protein implicated in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathways. Binds to a large number of partners, usually by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner. When bound to KRT17, regulates protein synthesis and epithelial cell growth by stimulating Akt\/mTOR pathway. May also regulate MDM2 autoubiquitination and degradation and thereby activate p53\/TP53. . Reported cellular localization context: Cytoplasm. Nucleus . Secreted. May be secreted by a non-classical secretory pathway. Tissue expression notes (as provided): Present mainly in tissues enriched in stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eResearch context keywords from the source record include: Epigenetics and Nuclear Signaling,Metabolic Signaling Pathways,Metabolism,Mitochondrial Metabolism,Nucleotide Metabolism,Pathways and Processes,Pol II Transcription,Polymerase Associated Factors,Transcription,Transcription Factors.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCurrent studies often focus on connecting target abundance\/localization to pathway perturbations across models, tissues, and cell states.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuantitative and multiplexed assays (e.g., imaging + immunoblot panels) are commonly used to compare phenotypes across conditions and time-courses.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWestern blotting (WB):\u003c\/strong\u003e assess relative target abundance across samples, treatments, or time-points.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunohistochemistry (IHC):\u003c\/strong\u003e evaluate spatial distribution of target-positive staining in tissue architecture.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunofluorescence\/ICC (IF\/ICC):\u003c\/strong\u003e visualize subcellular localization patterns and cell-to-cell heterogeneity.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFlow cytometry:\u003c\/strong\u003e quantify target-positive populations and compare shifts in marker distributions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunoprecipitation (IP):\u003c\/strong\u003e enrich target complexes for downstream immunoblot or interaction analyses.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorkflow ideas (metafield): Validate NRF1 antibody specificity using KO\/KD control samples (WB\/IF\/IHC as appropriate), Detect NRF1 expression by Western blot in cell or tissue lysates, Detect NRF1 in FFPE tissue sections by immunohistochemistry, Localize NRF1 by immunofluorescence\/immunocytochemistry in cultured cells, Quantify NRF1-positive cells by flow cytometry in single-cell suspensions, Enrich NRF1 by immunoprecipitation from lysates for downstream analysis\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eConsider isoforms and post-translational modifications (PTMs) that may shift apparent molecular weight or epitope accessibility.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApparent molecular weight may vary by sample type and processing (observed MW: 80 kDa; calculated MW: 27774 MW).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include appropriate negative controls (e.g., isotype, KO\/KD samples) and orthogonal validation when feasible.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAdditional product details (from the source record)\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight (observed):\u003c\/strong\u003e 80 kDa\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCellular localization (provided):\u003c\/strong\u003e Cytoplasm. Nucleus . Secreted. May be secreted by a non-classical secretory pathway.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTissue details (provided):\u003c\/strong\u003e Present mainly in tissues enriched in stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - Antibodies — a laboratory manual overview — Cold Spring Harbor Protocols — https:\/\/cshprotocols.cshlp.org\/ - UniProt Knowledgebase — UniProt — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/ - NCBI Gene — NCBI — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/ - Antibody validation and reproducibility — Nature methods (collections) — https:\/\/www.nature.com\/collections\/ - Immunohistochemistry\/Immunofluorescence basics — NIH \/ NCBI Bookshelf — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/ --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 uL\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53071955820909,"sku":"M01129","price":381.1,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/m01129-nrf1-primary-antibodies-wb-testing-1.jpg?v=1773146898"},{"product_id":"ucp2-antibody-middle-region-bha17106215","title":"UCP2 Antibody (Middle Region)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eUCP2 Antibody (Middle Region) is a research-use-only Rabbit polyclonal (rabbit origin) Rabbit IgG directed against \u003cstrong\u003eUCP2 (Middle Region)\u003c\/strong\u003e. It is supplied for interpretation-focused detection and comparative profiling in WB. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget context:\u003c\/strong\u003e This antibody is raised against \u003cem\u003eAmino acids 134-170 (AQPTDVVKVRFQAQARAGGGRRYQSTVNAYKTIAREE) were used as the immunogen for the UCP2 antibody.\u003c\/em\u003e. Epitope context matters because isoforms, processing, and post-translational modifications can change what is accessible in a given assay.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFormat:\u003c\/strong\u003e Antigen affinity purified. Format influences background and compatibility with different detection chemistries; conjugated formats (when present) can simplify multiplexing and reduce reliance on secondary reagents.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human, Mouse, Rat. Cross-species performance can vary with sequence divergence and epitope conservation, so interpretation should be anchored with appropriate biological controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications:\u003c\/strong\u003e WB. These indicate assay contexts where the antibody is commonly applied; actual performance depends on sample type and processing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations:\u003c\/strong\u003e This UCP2 antibody is available for research use only.. Consider these constraints when selecting controls and when comparing results across sample matrices.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolyclonal reagents can differ in how they recognize epitope features. Monoclonal antibodies often provide more consistent epitope targeting across lots, while polyclonal preparations may broaden recognition across related epitope variants. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUCP2 (Middle Region)\u003c\/strong\u003e refers to the gene\/protein target stated in the product record. Protein targets can exhibit context-dependent expression, regulated turnover, isoform diversity, and post-translational modifications that affect apparent molecular weight and epitope accessibility. For curated functional annotation, sequence features, and expression context, consult \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P55851\/entry\"\u003eUniProtKB P55851\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/\"\u003eEnsembl\u003c\/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.proteinatlas.org\/\"\u003eHuman Protein Atlas\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIntegrating antibody-based detection with single-cell and spatial atlasing efforts to connect RNA programs with protein-level abundance and localization in defined cell states.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExpanding multiplexed imaging and high-content screening, where reagent specificity, cross-reactivity risk, and channel design (including direct conjugates) become central to interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrowing emphasis on reproducibility and application-specific validation frameworks (e.g., genetic perturbation controls, orthogonal measurements, and independent antibody strategies) when drawing mechanistic conclusions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWestern blot (WB):\u003c\/strong\u003e commonly used to compare relative abundance\/size (e.g., band intensity or mobility shifts) between conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterpretation typically focuses on relative differences (presence\/absence, fold-changes, compartment shifts, or population-level shifts) rather than absolute quantitation. When signal changes are observed, they may reflect altered expression, altered localization\/trafficking, changes in modification state, or differences in sample composition; orthogonal readouts and appropriate controls help distinguish these possibilities.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApplication details (record-specific):\u003c\/strong\u003e Western Blot: 0.5-1ug\/ml\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApplication notes (record-specific):\u003c\/strong\u003e Optimal dilution of the UCP2 antibody should be determined by the researcher.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eProduct description (record-specific):\u003c\/strong\u003e Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP) are members of the larger family of mitochondrial anion carrier proteins (MACP). UCPs separate oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis with energy dissipated as heat, also referred to as the mitochondrial proton leak. UCPs facilitate the transfer of anions from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane and the return transfer of protons from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. They also reduce the mitochondrial membrane potential in mammalian cells. Tissue specificity occurs for the different UCPs and the exact methods of how UCPs transfer H+\/OH- are not known. UCPs contain the three homologous protein domains of MACPs. This gene is expressed in many tissues, with the greatest expression in skeletal muscle. It is thought to play a role in nonshivering thermogenesis, obesity and diabetes. Chromosomal order is 5'-UCP3-UCP2-3'.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePotential confounders:\u003c\/strong\u003e isoforms, proteolytic processing, and PTMs can change epitope presentation and apparent size; fixation\/denaturation state can also expose or mask epitopes. Species differences near the epitope may affect cross-reactivity.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eControl concepts:\u003c\/strong\u003e include genetic perturbation (KO\/KD) or overexpression comparisons, orthogonal measurement (e.g., transcript or proteomics), and independent antibody\/epitope strategies. For conjugated reagents, include staining-only\/background controls appropriate to the detection chemistry.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImmunogen\/epitope context is described as: \u003cem\u003eAmino acids 134-170 (AQPTDVVKVRFQAQARAGGGRRYQSTVNAYKTIAREE) were used as the immunogen for the UCP2 antibody.\u003c\/em\u003e. Monoclonal and polyclonal formats differ in epitope breadth; this can influence sensitivity to sequence variants, isoforms, or PTM-dependent recognition.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c!-- Sources (internal):\n- UniProtKB entry P55851 (UniProt Consortium): https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P55851\/entry\n- Ensembl genome browser (EMBL-EBI \/ Wellcome Sanger): https:\/\/www.ensembl.org\/\n- The Human Protein Atlas (KTH \/ SciLifeLab): https:\/\/www.proteinatlas.org\/\n- A proposal for validation of antibodies (Uhlén et al., Nature Methods, 2016): https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nmeth.3995.pdf\n- Getting to reproducible antibodies: the rationale for sequenced recombinant characterized reagents (Bradbury \u0026 Plückthun, PEDS, 2015): https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/peds\/article\/28\/10\/303\/1478378\n- Standardize antibodies used in research (Bradbury, Plückthun et al., Nature, 2015): https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/518027a.pdf\n--\u003e","brand":"NSJ Bioreagents","offers":[{"title":"0.5mg\/ml if reconstituted with 0.2ml sterile DI water \/ 100 ug","offer_id":53210442072429,"sku":"R32924","price":462.47,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/get_image_2b90da5f-5074-4ccc-bac0-2a5cac2007c4.jpg?v=1775785826"},{"product_id":"enzylight-atp-assay-kit-bht15600125","title":"EnzyLight™ ATP Assay Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor rapid, quantitative, bioluminescent determination of ATP and evaluation of drug effects on ATP metabolism. The assay uses Luminescence for signal readout. Compatible sample input includes Cells etc. Typical stated assay timing is 10 min.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReadout format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Luminescence supports plate-based signal acquisition and consistent comparison across matched samples.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSample compatibility:\u003c\/strong\u003e The stated sample scope includes Cells etc, which is useful when aligning matrix type with calibration and control design.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical range context:\u003c\/strong\u003e The supplied specifications include a stated detection limit of 0.02 µM for interpreting low-signal samples.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFeature emphasis:\u003c\/strong\u003e Safe. Non-radioactive assay.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional feature notes highlight Sensitive and accurate. As low as 0.02 µM ATP or a single cell can be quantified; Homogeneous and convenient. “Mix-incubate-measure” type assay. No wash and reagent transfer steps are involved. Available format information for this listing includes 100 Tests.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis product is centered on measurement of enzylight atp within the matrices described for the assay. In practice, datasets from this type of format are typically interpreted by comparing relative signal, activity, or abundance across matched control and experimental groups rather than relying on a single value in isolation. Careful alignment of sample matrix, incubation window, and calibration strategy is important when comparing results across plates, operators, or study days.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eMore details\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e Adenosine 5’-triphosphate \u003c\/i\u003e(ATP) is the chemical energy for cellular metabolism and is often referred to as “energy currency” of the cell. ATP is produced only in living cells during photosynthesis and cellular respiration and consumed in cellular processes including biosynthetic reactions, motility and cell division. It is a key indicator of cellular activity and has been utilized as a measure of cell viability and cytotoxicity in research and drug discovery. BioAssay Systems’ EnzyLight™ ATP Assay Kit provides a rapid method to measure intracellular ATP. The single working reagent lyses cells to release ATP, which, in the presence of luciferase, immediately reacts with the Substrate D-luciferin to produce light. The light intensity is a direct measure of intracellular ATP concentration. This non-radioactive, homogeneous cell-based assay is performed in microplates. The reagent is compatible with all liquid handling systems for high-throughput screening applications in 96-well and 384-well plates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eDetection method\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLuminescence.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eDetection limit and analytical sensitivity\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReported detection limit: 0.02 µM.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eProcedures and timing\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStated procedure or timing information: 10 min.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePlate-based quantification and side-by-side group comparison remain central use cases for this assay format.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe product notes emphasize multi-sample throughput, making it relevant for screening-oriented and larger batch comparison studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe description supports intervention-focused study designs in which researchers compare baseline and perturbed conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eQuantify enzylight atp in cells by Luminescence readout.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eCompare treatment or phenotype groups using matched cells handling.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eMonitor time-course or pre\/post changes in cells across study conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterpretation is usually strongest when signal changes are assessed alongside matrix-matched controls, replicate agreement, and the assay's stated analytical window.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eMatrix composition, background signal, and sample handling can influence apparent response; compare like-with-like whenever possible.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eUse appropriate blanks, controls, and replicate wells to distinguish biological differences from plate, reagent, or handling variability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c!-- Sources (internal):\n- Product Description column\n- Key Features column\n- More Details column\n- Method \/ Sample Type(s) \/ Assay Time \/ Detection Limit \/ Detection Method columns\n- Procedures column\n- Screening Services column\n--\u003e","brand":"BioAssay Systems","offers":[{"title":"100 Tests","offer_id":53238314893677,"sku":"EATP-100","price":431.57,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/EATPfig.jpg?v=1776668352"},{"product_id":"enzychrom-nad-nadh-assay-kit-bht15600107","title":"EnzyChrom™ NAD\/NADH Assay Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor sensitive determination of NAD and NADH and evaluation of drug effects on NAD\/NADH metabolism. The assay uses OD565nm for signal readout. Compatible sample input includes Cell or tissue extracts. Typical stated assay timing is 15 min.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReadout format:\u003c\/strong\u003e OD565nm supports plate-based signal acquisition and consistent comparison across matched samples.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSample compatibility:\u003c\/strong\u003e The stated sample scope includes Cell or tissue extracts, which is useful when aligning matrix type with calibration and control design.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical range context:\u003c\/strong\u003e The supplied specifications include a stated detection limit of 0.05 µM for interpreting low-signal samples.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFeature emphasis:\u003c\/strong\u003e Sensitive and accurate. The detection limit of 0.05 µM and linearity up to 10 µM NAD+\/NADH in 96-well plate assay.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional feature notes highlight Convenient. The procedure involves adding a single working reagent, and reading the optical density at time zero and 15 min at room temperature; High-throughput. Can be readily automated as a high-throughput 96-well plate assay for thousands of samples per day. Available format information for this listing includes 100 Tests.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis product is centered on measurement of nad\/nadh within the matrices described for the assay. In practice, datasets from this type of format are typically interpreted by comparing relative signal, activity, or abundance across matched control and experimental groups rather than relying on a single value in isolation. Careful alignment of sample matrix, incubation window, and calibration strategy is important when comparing results across plates, operators, or study days.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eMore details\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e Pyridine nucleotides \u003c\/i\u003eplay an important role in metabolism and, thus, there is continual interest in monitoring their concentration levels. Quantitative determination of NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADH has applications in research pertaining to energy transformation and the redox state of cells or tissue. Simple, direct, and automation-ready procedures for measuring NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADH concentration are very desirable. BioAssay Systems EnzyChrom™ NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADH assay kit is based on a lactate dehydrogenase cycling reaction, in which the formed NADH reduces a formazan (MTT) reagent. The intensity of the reduced product color, measured at 565 nm, is proportional to the NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADH concentration in the sample. This assay is highly specific for NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADH and with minimal interference (\u0026lt;1%) by NADP\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADPH. Our assay is a convenient method to measure NAD, NADH, and their ratio.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eDetection method\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColorimetric (OD 565 nm).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eDetection limit and analytical sensitivity\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReported detection limit: 0.05 µM.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eProcedures and timing\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStated procedure or timing information: 15 min.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePlate-based quantification and side-by-side group comparison remain central use cases for this assay format.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe product notes emphasize multi-sample throughput, making it relevant for screening-oriented and larger batch comparison studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe description supports intervention-focused study designs in which researchers compare baseline and perturbed conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eQuantify nad\/nadh in cell or tissue extracts by OD565 nm readout.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eCompare treatment or phenotype groups using matched cell or tissue extracts handling.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eMonitor time-course or pre\/post changes in cell or tissue extracts across study conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterpretation is usually strongest when signal changes are assessed alongside matrix-matched controls, replicate agreement, and the assay's stated analytical window.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eMatrix composition, background signal, and sample handling can influence apparent response; compare like-with-like whenever possible.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eUse appropriate blanks, controls, and replicate wells to distinguish biological differences from plate, reagent, or handling variability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c!-- Sources (internal):\n- Product Description column\n- Key Features column\n- More Details column\n- Method \/ Sample Type(s) \/ Assay Time \/ Detection Limit \/ Detection Method columns\n- Procedures column\n- Screening Services column\n--\u003e","brand":"BioAssay Systems","offers":[{"title":"100 Tests","offer_id":53238315843949,"sku":"E2ND-100","price":565.47,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/E2NDfig.jpg?v=1776668351"},{"product_id":"enzyfluo-nad-nadh-assay-kit-bht15600155","title":"EnzyFluo™ NAD\/NADH Assay Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor sensitive determination of NAD and NADH and evaluation of drug effects on NAD\/NADH metabolism. The assay uses F530\/585nm for signal readout. Compatible sample input includes Cell, tissue extracts etc Direct NAD\/NADH Assays in 96-Well Plate NEW!!!. Typical stated assay timing is 10 min.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReadout format:\u003c\/strong\u003e F530\/585nm supports plate-based signal acquisition and consistent comparison across matched samples.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSample compatibility:\u003c\/strong\u003e The stated sample scope includes Cell, tissue extracts etc Direct NAD\/NADH Assays in 96-Well Plate NEW!!!, which is useful when aligning matrix type with calibration and control design.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical range context:\u003c\/strong\u003e The supplied specifications include a stated detection limit of 0.02 µM for interpreting low-signal samples.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFeature emphasis:\u003c\/strong\u003e Sensitive and accurate. Detection limit of 0.02 µM and linearity up to 1 µM NAD+\/NADH in 96-well plate assay.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional feature notes highlight Convenient. The procedure involves adding a single working reagent, and reading the fluorescence at time zero and 10 min; High-throughput. Can be readily automated as a high-throughput 96-well plate assay for thousands of samples per day. Available format information for this listing includes 100 Tests.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis product is centered on measurement of enzyfluo nad\/nadh within the matrices described for the assay. In practice, datasets from this type of format are typically interpreted by comparing relative signal, activity, or abundance across matched control and experimental groups rather than relying on a single value in isolation. Careful alignment of sample matrix, incubation window, and calibration strategy is important when comparing results across plates, operators, or study days.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eMore details\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e Pyridine nucleotides \u003c\/i\u003eplay an important role in metabolism and, thus, there is continual interest in monitoring their concentration levels. Quantitative determination of NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADH has applications in research pertaining to energy transformation and redox state of cells or tissue. BioAssay Systems EnzyFluo™ NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADH assay kit is based on a lactate dehydrogenase cycling reaction, in which the formed NADH reduces a probe into a highly fluorescent product. The fluorescence intensity of this product, measured at λex\/em = 530\/585 nm, is proportional to the NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADH concentration in the sample. This assay is highly specific for NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADH with minimal interference (\u0026lt;1%) by NADP\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e\/NADPH and is a convenient method to measure NAD, NADH and their ratio.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/bioassaysys.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/EFND96Wellplate.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDirect NAD\/NADH Assays in 96-Well Plate\u003ci\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: red\"\u003eNEW!!!\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eDetection method\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFluorescent (F530\/585nm).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eDetection limit and analytical sensitivity\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReported detection limit: 0.02 µM.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eProcedures and timing\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStated procedure or timing information: 10 min.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePlate-based quantification and side-by-side group comparison remain central use cases for this assay format.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe product notes emphasize multi-sample throughput, making it relevant for screening-oriented and larger batch comparison studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe description supports intervention-focused study designs in which researchers compare baseline and perturbed conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eQuantify enzyfluo nad\/nadh in cell, tissue extracts Direct NAD\/NADH Assays by F530\/585 nm readout.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eCompare treatment or phenotype groups using matched cell, tissue extracts Direct NAD\/NADH Assays handling.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eMonitor time-course or pre\/post changes in cell, tissue extracts Direct NAD\/NADH Assays across study conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterpretation is usually strongest when signal changes are assessed alongside matrix-matched controls, replicate agreement, and the assay's stated analytical window.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eMatrix composition, background signal, and sample handling can influence apparent response; compare like-with-like whenever possible.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eUse appropriate blanks, controls, and replicate wells to distinguish biological differences from plate, reagent, or handling variability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c!-- Sources (internal):\n- Product Description column\n- Key Features column\n- More Details column\n- Method \/ Sample Type(s) \/ Assay Time \/ Detection Limit \/ Detection Method columns\n- Procedures column\n- Screening Services column\n--\u003e","brand":"BioAssay Systems","offers":[{"title":"100 Tests","offer_id":53238318399853,"sku":"EFND-100","price":534.57,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/EFNDfig.jpg?v=1776668358"},{"product_id":"enzylight-adp-atp-ratio-assay-kit-bht15600187","title":"EnzyLight™ ADP\/ATP Ratio Assay Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor quantitative bioluminescent assay for ADP:ATP ratio (apoptosis) in cells and screen for modulators. The assay uses Luminescence for signal readout. Compatible sample input includes Cells etc. Typical stated assay timing is 20 min.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReadout format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Luminescence supports plate-based signal acquisition and consistent comparison across matched samples.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSample compatibility:\u003c\/strong\u003e The stated sample scope includes Cells etc, which is useful when aligning matrix type with calibration and control design.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWorkflow timing:\u003c\/strong\u003e The listed assay time of 20 min helps frame batch planning, replicate handling, and plate throughput.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFeature emphasis:\u003c\/strong\u003e Safe. Non-radioactive assay.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional feature notes highlight Homogeneous and convenient. “Mix-incubate-measure” type assay. No wash and reagent transfer steps are involved; Robust and amenable to HTS: Z factors of 0.5 and above are routinely observed in 96-well and 384-well plates. Can be readily automated on HTS liquid handling systems for processing thousands of samples per day. Available format information for this listing includes 100 Tests.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis product is centered on measurement of enzylight adp\/atp ratio within the matrices described for the assay. In practice, datasets from this type of format are typically interpreted by comparing relative signal, activity, or abundance across matched control and experimental groups rather than relying on a single value in isolation. Careful alignment of sample matrix, incubation window, and calibration strategy is important when comparing results across plates, operators, or study days.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eMore details\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChanges in the\u003ci\u003e ADP\/ATP ratio \u003c\/i\u003ehave been used to differentiate modes of cell death and viability. Increased levels of ATP and decreased levels of ADP signify proliferating cells. Conversely, decreased levels of ATP and increased levels of ADP represent apoptotic or necrotic cells where the decrease in ATP and increase in ADP is much more pronounced in necrosis versus apoptosis. BioAssay Systems’ EnzyLight™ ADP\/ATP Ratio Assay Kit provides a rapid method to measure ADP and ATP levels for the screening of apoptosis, necrosis, and cell proliferation in mammalian cells. The assay involves two steps. In the first step, the working reagent lyses cells to release ATP and ADP. In the presence of luciferase, ATP immediately reacts with the Substrate D-luciferin to produce light. The light intensity is a direct measure of intracellular ATP concentration. In the second step, the ADP is converted to ATP through an enzyme reaction. This newly formed ATP then reacts with the D-luciferin as in the first step. This non-radioactive, homogeneous cell-based assay is performed in microplates. The reagent is compatible with all culture media and with all liquid handling systems for high-throughput screening applications in 96-well and 384-well plates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eDetection method\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLuminescence.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eProcedures and timing\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStated procedure or timing information: 20 min.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePlate-based quantification and side-by-side group comparison remain central use cases for this assay format.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe product notes emphasize multi-sample throughput, making it relevant for screening-oriented and larger batch comparison studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe description supports intervention-focused study designs in which researchers compare baseline and perturbed conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eQuantify enzylight adp\/atp ratio in cells by Luminescence readout.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eCompare treatment or phenotype groups using matched cells handling.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eMonitor time-course or pre\/post changes in cells across study conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterpretation is usually strongest when signal changes are assessed alongside matrix-matched controls, replicate agreement, and the assay's stated analytical window.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eMatrix composition, background signal, and sample handling can influence apparent response; compare like-with-like whenever possible.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eUse appropriate blanks, controls, and replicate wells to distinguish biological differences from plate, reagent, or handling variability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c!-- Sources (internal):\n- Product Description column\n- Key Features column\n- More Details column\n- Method \/ Sample Type(s) \/ Assay Time \/ Detection Limit \/ Detection Method columns\n- Procedures column\n- Screening Services column\n--\u003e","brand":"BioAssay Systems","offers":[{"title":"100 Tests","offer_id":53238318858605,"sku":"ELDT-100","price":472.77,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/BASICEfig_2a6a0347-7598-4019-8411-622175cca171.jpg?v=1776668362"},{"product_id":"ppar-gamma-reporter-lentivirus-bhv19400027","title":"PPAR-gamma Reporter Lentivirus","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"bhp-desc\"\u003e\n\u003cstyle\u003e.bhp-desc{font-size:16px;color:#1a1a1a;line-height:1.7}.bhp-desc h2{font-size:18px;font-weight:700;color:#003366;margin:24px 0 10px;padding-bottom:6px;border-bottom:2px solid #003366}.bhp-desc p{margin:0 0 12px}.bhp-desc ul{margin:0 0 12px 22px}.bhp-desc li{margin:0 0 6px}\u003c\/style\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor and a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and lipid storage. Activated by fatty acid derivatives and synthetic agonists, PPAR-gamma heterodimerizes with the retinoid X receptor and binds PPAR response elements (PPRE) to control genes governing adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. It is also expressed in macrophages and other cell types, where it modulates inflammatory responses. PPAR-gamma is the molecular target of thiazolidinedione drugs used to improve insulin sensitivity, and its activity is central to studies of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic disease, making it a key focus of metabolism and endocrinology research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProduct Description \u0026amp; Applications\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PPAR-gamma Reporter Lentivirus is a transcription factor reporter system that provides a sensitive fluorescent or luminescent readout of PPAR-gamma activity in transduced cells. The construct places a reporter gene (firefly luciferase, GFP, RFP, or Renilla luciferase) under the control of tandem PPAR response elements optimized for preferential activation by PPAR-gamma over the PPAR-alpha and PPAR-delta isoforms, coupled to a minimal promoter and an optimized upstream enhancer that maximizes signal-to-noise. A constitutive drug selection marker (Blasticidin or Puromycin) enables generation of stable polyclonal reporter cell lines. Supplied as high-titer particles purified by PEG precipitation and sucrose gradient centrifugation, the product is well suited to studying PPAR-gamma activation in primary and difficult-to-transfect cells for metabolism and endocrinology research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout This Product\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis reporter lentivirus places a Firefly Luc, GFP, Luc, Renilla Luc, RFP reporter gene under the control of tandem consensus response elements specific for the PPAR signaling pathway transcription factor, coupled to a minimal TATA-box promoter and a proprietary upstream enhancer that maximizes signal-to-noise. The constitutively expressed selection marker (Blasticidin, Puromycin) and\/or secondary reporter enables stable polyclonal cell line generation and flexible readout by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, or luminometry.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStable integration via the lentiviral backbone ensures consistent, clonally representative reporter expression in dividing and post-mitotic target cells — including primary T cells, macrophages, organoids, and cryopreserved material — eliminating the variability inherent to transient transfection. The self-inactivating LTR design and third-generation packaging minimize insertional mutagenesis risk and ensure biosafety classification at BSL-2.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"LipExoGen Biotech","offers":[{"title":"GFP \/ Puromycin \/ 5x10^6","offer_id":53251624010093,"sku":"LTV-0031-1S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"RFP \/ Blasticidin \/ 5x10^6","offer_id":53310897291629,"sku":"LTV-0031-2S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Firefly Luc \/ Puromycin \/ 2x10^6","offer_id":53310897324397,"sku":"LTV-0031-3S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Firefly Luc \/ Blasticidin \/ 2x10^6","offer_id":53310897357165,"sku":"LTV-0031-4S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"GFP \/ Blasticidin \/ 5x10^6","offer_id":53310897389933,"sku":"LTV-0031-5S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"RFP \/ Puromycin \/ 5x10^6","offer_id":53310897422701,"sku":"LTV-0031-6S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Renilla Luc \/ Blasticidin \/ 2x10^6","offer_id":53310897455469,"sku":"LTV-0031-4SIC","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/LTV-0031-PPRE-Reporter-PPARg-Fig1-1.jpg?v=1776934449"},{"product_id":"ppar-alpha-reporter-lentivirus-bhv19400068","title":"PPAR-alpha Reporter Lentivirus","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"bhp-desc\"\u003e\n\u003cstyle\u003e.bhp-desc{font-size:16px;color:#1a1a1a;line-height:1.7}.bhp-desc h2{font-size:18px;font-weight:700;color:#003366;margin:24px 0 10px;padding-bottom:6px;border-bottom:2px solid #003366}.bhp-desc p{margin:0 0 12px}.bhp-desc ul{margin:0 0 12px 22px}.bhp-desc li{margin:0 0 6px}\u003c\/style\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor and a central regulator of lipid metabolism. Highly expressed in the liver, it is activated by fatty acids and their derivatives and heterodimerizes with the retinoid X receptor to bind PPAR response elements (PPRE) in target gene promoters. PPAR-alpha drives the transcription of genes controlling fatty acid uptake, mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation, and ketogenesis, particularly during fasting. It is the molecular target of fibrate drugs used to lower circulating lipids. Because of its role in energy homeostasis and lipid handling, PPAR-alpha is an important focus of research into metabolic disorders, fatty liver disease, and diabetes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProduct Description \u0026amp; Applications\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PPAR-alpha Reporter Lentivirus is a transcription factor reporter system that provides a sensitive fluorescent or luminescent readout of PPAR-alpha activity in mammalian cells. The construct contains tandem repeats of the PPRE element from the Acox1 promoter placed upstream of a minimal promoter driving the reporter gene, with an optimized upstream enhancer that maximizes signal-to-noise. The design favors activation by PPAR-alpha and RXR-alpha heterodimers and responds more strongly to PPAR-alpha than to PPAR-gamma. A constitutive drug selection marker (Puromycin or Blasticidin) enables generation of stable polyclonal reporter cell lines suitable for fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, or luminometry. Supplied as high-titer particles purified by PEG precipitation and sucrose gradient centrifugation, it is well suited to studying PPAR signaling in primary and difficult-to-transfect cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout This Product\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis reporter lentivirus places a d2GFP, EGFP, Firefly Luc, GFP, mCherry, RFP reporter gene under the control of tandem consensus response elements specific for the PPARa transcription factor, coupled to a minimal TATA-box promoter and a proprietary upstream enhancer that maximizes signal-to-noise. The constitutively expressed selection marker (Puromycin, Blasticidin) and\/or secondary reporter enables stable polyclonal cell line generation and flexible readout by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, or luminometry.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStable integration via the lentiviral backbone ensures consistent, clonally representative reporter expression in dividing and post-mitotic target cells — including primary T cells, macrophages, organoids, and cryopreserved material — eliminating the variability inherent to transient transfection. The self-inactivating LTR design and third-generation packaging minimize insertional mutagenesis risk and ensure biosafety classification at BSL-2.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"LipExoGen Biotech","offers":[{"title":"GFP \/ Puromycin \/ 5x10^6","offer_id":53251623977325,"sku":"LTV-0073-1S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"RFP \/ Blasticidin \/ 5x10^6","offer_id":53310904926573,"sku":"LTV-0073-2S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Firefly Luc \/ Puromycin \/ 2x10^6","offer_id":53310904959341,"sku":"LTV-0073-3S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Firefly Luc \/ Blasticidin \/ 2x10^6","offer_id":53310904992109,"sku":"LTV-0073-4S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"GFP \/ Blasticidin \/ 5x10^6","offer_id":53310905024877,"sku":"LTV-0073-5S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"RFP \/ Puromycin \/ 5x10^6","offer_id":53310905057645,"sku":"LTV-0073-6S","price":595.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/LTV-0073-PPARa-Reporter-Fig1.jpg?v=1776934578"},{"product_id":"ampk-alpha-antibody-bha12905866","title":"AMPK alpha Antibody","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"bhp-desc\"\u003e\n\u003cstyle\u003e.bhp-desc{font-size:16px;color:#1a1a1a;line-height:1.7}.bhp-desc h2{font-size:18px;font-weight:700;color:#003366;margin:24px 0 10px;padding-bottom:6px;border-bottom:2px solid #003366}.bhp-desc p{margin:0 0 12px}.bhp-desc .bhp-spec-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:12px 0 18px}.bhp-desc .bhp-spec-table th{width:36%;text-align:left;padding:8px 12px;background:#e8f0fb;color:#003366;font-weight:600;vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #ccd9f0}.bhp-desc .bhp-spec-table td{padding:8px 12px;vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #ccd9f0}.bhp-desc .bhp-qc-badge{display:inline-block;background:#e6f4ea;color:#1a7a3c;border:1px solid #a8d5b5;border-radius:4px;padding:6px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:600}.bhp-desc .bhp-warning-box{background:#fff8e6;border-left:4px solid #e6a817;padding:10px 14px;margin:10px 0 14px;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}.bhp-desc .bhp-regulatory-row{display:flex;gap:16px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:6px 0 10px}.bhp-desc .bhp-reg-item{background:#f0f6ff;border:1px solid #ccd9f0;border-radius:4px;padding:6px 12px;font-size:14px}.bhp-desc .bhp-reg-item strong{color:#003366;display:block;font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.5px}\u003c\/style\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eProduct Overview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAMPK alpha Antibody detects endogenous levels of total AMPK alpha. This is a \u003cstrong\u003epolyclonal\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRabbit\u003c\/strong\u003e anti-AMPK alpha antibody, supplied as unconjugated, validated for \u003cstrong\u003eIF\/ICC | IHC | WB\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eValidated Applications \u0026amp; Dilution Guide\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bhp-spec-table\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eApplication\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRecommended Dilution\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eWB\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1:500-1:2000\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIHC\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1:50-1:200\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIF\/ICC\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1:100\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eAntibody Specifications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bhp-spec-table\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eTarget Protein\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eAMPK alpha\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eHost Species\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRabbit\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eClonality\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePolyclonal\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eIsotype\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIgG\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eConjugate\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUnconjugated\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSpecies Reactivity\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHuman, Mouse, Rat\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePurification Method\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eAffinity Purified (Peptide)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFormulation\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRabbit IgG in phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eCatalog No.\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDF6361\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eImmunogen \/ Antigen\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA synthesized peptide derived from human AMPK alpha, corresponding to a region within C-terminal amino acids.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredicted cross-reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zebrafish,Bovine,Sheep,Rabbit,Dog,Chicken. Predictions are based on sequence homology and have not been empirically validated unless stated otherwise.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eValidation \u0026amp; Citations\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"bhp-qc-badge\"\u003e✓ Affinity Purified\u003c\/span\u003e  \u003cspan class=\"bhp-qc-badge\"\u003e✓ 6 Citations\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRRID: \u003cstrong\u003eAB_2838325\u003c\/strong\u003e — registered in the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/antibodyregistry.org\/AB_search?q=AB_2838325\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAntibody Registry\u003c\/a\u003e for unambiguous reagent identification across publications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis antibody has been independently cited in \u003cstrong\u003e6 peer-reviewed publications\u003c\/strong\u003e. Verify records via the Antibody Registry (AB_2838325) or PubMed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStorage \u0026amp; Handling\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStore at -20 °C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bhp-warning-box\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only (RUO).\u003c\/strong\u003e Not intended for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"AFFINITY BIOSCIENCES LTD","offers":[{"title":"100 uL","offer_id":53327696953709,"sku":"DF6361-100UL","price":288.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"200 uL","offer_id":53327733686637,"sku":"DF6361-200UL","price":360.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/af-thumb400x400_bc742555-54ca-4d0c-acd8-9febd6cf03a0.jpg?v=1778727214"},{"product_id":"nrf1-antibody-bha10805846","title":"NRF1 antibody","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"bhp-desc\"\u003e\n\u003cstyle\u003e\n.bhp-desc{font-size:16px;color:#1a1a1a;line-height:1.7}\n.bhp-desc h2{font-size:18px;font-weight:700;color:#003366;margin:24px 0 10px;padding-bottom:6px;border-bottom:2px solid #003366}\n.bhp-desc p{margin:0 0 12px}\n.bhp-desc ul{margin:0 0 12px;padding-left:22px}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-spec-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:12px 0 18px}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-spec-table th{width:36%;text-align:left;padding:8px 12px;background:#e8f0fb;color:#003366;font-weight:600;vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #ccd9f0}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-spec-table td{padding:8px 12px;vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #ccd9f0}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-warning-box{background:#fff8e6;border-left:4px solid #e6a817;padding:10px 14px;margin:10px 0 14px;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-cat-pill{display:inline-block;background:#003366;color:#fff;border-radius:20px;padding:3px 12px;font-size:13px;margin-bottom:10px}\n\u003c\/style\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eProduct Overview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTranscription factor that activates the expression of the EIF2S1(EIF2-alpha) gene. Links the transcriptional modulation of key metabolic genes to cellular growth and development. Implicated in the control of nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"bhp-cat-pill\"\u003ePolyclonal Rabbit Antibody\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eValidated Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bhp-spec-table\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eApplication\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRecommended Dilution\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eELISA\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRefer to datasheet\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eWestern Blot\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRefer to datasheet\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eImmunogen \u0026amp; Specificity\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen:\u003c\/strong\u003e nuclear respiratory factor 1\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniProt\/Swiss-Prot:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprot\/Q16656\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eQ16656\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eProduct Specifications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"bhp-spec-table\"\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eHost Species\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRabbit\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eClonality\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePolyclonal\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eIsotype\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIgG\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSpecies Reactivity\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHuman, Mouse, Rat\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePurification Method\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eImmunogen Affinity Purified\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePurity\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e≥95% as determined by SDS-PAGE\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e67 kDa\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eStorage\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePBS with 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol pH 7.3, -20℃ for 12 months(Avoid repeated freeze \/ thaw cycles.)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\u003c\/table\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eReactivity Notes\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConfirmed reactivity in \u003cstrong\u003eHuman, Mouse, Rat\u003c\/strong\u003e samples; validated for \u003cstrong\u003eELISA, Western Blot\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eSafety \u0026amp; Handling\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor Research Use Only (RUO). Not intended for diagnostic procedures.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShipping: cold-chain shipment (typically with ice packs).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUpon receipt: store at recommended temperature as soon as possible.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSales terms and conditions\u003c\/strong\u003e: Please review prior to ordering.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eRelated Products\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplore additional antibodies and related detection reagents for \u003cstrong\u003eNRF1\u003c\/strong\u003e in the BioHippo catalog.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Fine Test","offers":[{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53327788638573,"sku":"FNab05854-100UG","price":312.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/antibody_bc01cf8f-a4de-47e1-9bb2-4e075e33e3a5.jpg?v=1778727711"},{"product_id":"ppar-alpha-g17-polyclonal-antibody-bha11300835","title":"PPAR-α (G17) polyclonal antibody","description":"\u003cstyle\u003e\n.bhp-desc{font-size:16px;color:#1a1a1a;line-height:1.7}\n.bhp-desc h2{font-size:18px;font-weight:700;color:#003366;margin:24px 0 10px;padding-bottom:6px;border-bottom:2px solid #003366}\n.bhp-desc p{margin:0 0 12px}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-spec-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:12px 0 18px}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-spec-table th{width:36%;text-align:left;padding:8px 12px;background:#e8f0fb;color:#003366;font-weight:600;vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #ccd9f0}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-spec-table td{padding:8px 12px;vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #ccd9f0}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-qc-badge{display:inline-block;background:#e6f4ea;color:#1a7a3c;border:1px solid #a8d5b5;border-radius:4px;padding:6px 14px;font-size:14px;font-weight:600}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-warning-box{background:#fff8e6;border-left:4px solid #e6a817;padding:10px 14px;margin:10px 0 14px;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}\n.bhp-desc .bhp-cat-pill{display:inline-block;background:#003366;color:#fff;border-radius:20px;padding:3px 12px;font-size:13px;margin-bottom:10px}\n\u003c\/style\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bhp-desc\"\u003e\n  \u003cspan class=\"bhp-cat-pill\"\u003ePrimary Antibody — Polyclonal\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n  \u003ch2\u003eProduct Overview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003ePPAR-α (G17) polyclonal antibody detects endogenous levels of PPAR-α protein.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n  \u003cp\u003ePeroxisome proliferators are nongenotoxic carcinogens which are purported to exert their effect on cells through their interaction with members of the nuclear hormone receptor family, termed Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs). Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand dependent intracellular proteins that stimulate transcription of specific genes by binding to specific DNA sequences following activation by the appropriate ligand. Studies indicate that PPARs are activated by peroxisome proliferators such as clofibric acid, nafenopin, and WY-14,643, as well as by some fatty acids.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n  \u003ch2\u003eValidated Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003ctable class=\"bhp-spec-table\"\u003e\n    \u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eApplication\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eRecommended Dilution\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n    \u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eWestern Blot (WB)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1:500~1000\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eImmunofluorescence (IF)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1:50~1:200\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n  \u003c\/table\u003e\n\n  \u003ch2\u003eProduct Specifications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003ctable class=\"bhp-spec-table\"\u003e\n    \u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eClonality\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePolyclonal\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eHost Species\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRabbit\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eIsotype\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIgG\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSpecies Reactivity\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHuman, Mouse, Rat\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eConjugate\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUnconjugated\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePurification\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe antibody was affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogen\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFormulation\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRabbit IgG, 1mg\/ml in PBS with 0.02% sodium azide, 50% glycerol, pH7.2\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~ 52 kDa\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eModification\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUnmodified\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eUniProt \/ Swiss-Prot\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eQ07869\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eStorage\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eStore at 4°C short term. Aliquot and store at -20°C long term. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n  \u003c\/table\u003e\n\n  \u003ch2\u003eImmunogen \/ Antigen\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eSynthetic peptide, corresponding to Human PPAR-α.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n  \u003ch2\u003eSafety \u0026amp; Handling\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003cdiv class=\"bhp-warning-box\"\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Research Use Only (RUO).\u003c\/strong\u003e Not for diagnostic or therapeutic use. \n    Handle as a potential biohazard in accordance with good laboratory practices.\u003c\/p\u003e\n  \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n  \u003ch2\u003eRelated Products\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eExplore complementary antibodies, ELISA kits, and detection reagents at \n  \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBioHippo\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Bioworld Technology Inc","offers":[{"title":"50 uL","offer_id":53328174121325,"sku":"BS1689-50UL","price":162.74,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 uL","offer_id":53328248111469,"sku":"BS1689-100UL","price":283.25,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/BS1689_1.jpg?v=1778730376"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/collections\/rc-metabolic-endocrine-energy-metabolism.oembed?page=2","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}