{"title":"DNA Oxidative Damage (8-OHdG)","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"mda-mb-157-cell-bhc11101444","title":"MDA-MB-157 cell","description":"The MDA-MB-157 cell line is derived from a human breast carcinoma, specifically from a pleural effusion of a metastatic breast cancer patient. This cell line is extensively used in breast cancer research, particularly for studying the biology of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype that lacks expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2\/neu. MDA-MB-157 cells provide a valuable model for investigating the molecular mechanisms driving TNBC, as well as for testing potential therapeutic agents targeting this aggressive form of breast cancer.\nMDA-MB-157 cells exhibit an epithelial morphology and are characterized by their high metastatic potential. They express markers typical of basal-like breast cancer, including cytokeratins 5\/6 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Researchers utilize MDA-MB-157 cells to explore key signaling pathways involved in TNBC progression, such as the PI3K\/Akt, MAPK, and Notch pathways. These cells are also employed in drug screening assays to evaluate the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, targeted therapies, and combination treatments. Additionally, MDA-MB-157 cells are used to study the mechanisms of drug resistance and to develop strategies to overcome it. The relevance of the MDA-MB-157 cell line in triple-negative breast cancer research underscores its importance in advancing our understanding of this challenging subtype of breast cancer and in developing more effective therapeutic approaches for TNBC patients.\n\u003cp style=\"display:none\"\u003eSKU:BHC11101444\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Cytion","offers":[{"title":"1 cryovial","offer_id":52950215688557,"sku":"305280","price":395.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/MDA-MB-157_20P5_2010x01_20171024_ch00_1920x1920_9f6c2970-6438-43b6-a8ba-5a8b4f9fb6b2.jpg?v=1769069144"},{"product_id":"mda-mb-175-vii-cell-bhc11101697","title":"MDA-MB-175-VII cell","description":"MDA-MB-175-VII is a human breast cancer cell line originally derived from the pleural effusion of an adult female patient with infiltrating ductal mammary carcinoma. The cell line is part of a series established from metastatic breast tumors to provide viable, fibroblast-poor epithelial cultures. Specifically, MDA-MB-175 was isolated from six of eight thoracenteses performed on a patient who underwent mastectomy and exhibited recurrent malignant pleural effusions. The tumor cells were consistently viable and cultured successfully across samples, which provided a stable platform for in vitro studies of metastatic breast cancer biology.\n\nMDA-MB-175-VII cells are morphologically epithelial and have a modal chromosome number of approximately 49, reflecting an aneuploid karyotype. These cells exhibit relatively slow growth in vitro but have gained scientific interest due to their unique molecular features, including the expression of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) fusion transcripts. In particular, the NRG1-DOC4 fusion observed in this line leads to constitutive activation of the HER3\/HER4 receptor pathway, promoting autocrine signaling and cell proliferation. This molecular characteristic has positioned MDA-MB-175-VII as a rare but critical model for studying autocrine HER-family receptor signaling and its pharmacological targeting in breast cancer .\n\nFurther integration into large-scale datasets such as the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) has enabled deeper molecular profiling of MDA-MB-175-VII. These datasets include transcriptomic, mutational, and proteomic information that support the classification of the cell line within the luminal subtype of breast cancers, with modest sensitivity to agents targeting HER-family receptors and PI3K signaling pathways. As such, MDA-MB-175-VII serves as a valuable model for preclinical investigations of targeted therapies and the functional consequences of oncogenic gene fusions in breast cancer.\n\u003cp style=\"display:none\"\u003eSKU:BHC11101697\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Cytion","offers":[{"title":"1 cryovial","offer_id":52950215721325,"sku":"305825","price":550.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/MDA-MB-175-VII_20WaKo_20DAY1_2020X01_20211025_Overlay_1920x1920_52a811e0-8370-4c09-83eb-494c48dbe418.png?v=1769069146"},{"product_id":"mda-mb-231-cell-bhc11101419","title":"MDA-MB-231 cell","description":"The MDA-MB-231 cell line is a widely used model in breast cancer research. Derived from a human breast adenocarcinoma, these cells are characterized by their aggressive and invasive nature, making them an ideal model for studying triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). MDA-MB-231 cells lack estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and HER2 amplification, which are typical markers used to classify and treat breast cancers. Consequently, these cells are resistant to hormonal therapies, reflecting the clinical challenges faced in managing TNBC. Their mesenchymal-like phenotype and ability to form tumors in immunocompromised mice further contribute to their utility in cancer research.\n\nGenetically, MDA-MB-231 cells harbor mutations in key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes such as TP53, KRAS, and BRAF. These genetic alterations play a crucial role in driving their malignancy and metastatic potential. Researchers use this cell line to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. MDA-MB-231 cells are also employed in high-throughput screening for potential therapeutic agents, as their aggressive behavior provides a stringent test for new anti-cancer drugs. The cell line's robust response to various stimuli makes it an invaluable tool for deciphering the complex biology of triple-negative breast cancer.\n\u003cp style=\"display:none\"\u003eSKU:BHC11101419\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Cytion","offers":[{"title":"1 cryovial","offer_id":52950215754093,"sku":"300275","price":395.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/MDA-MB-231_20_281_29.jpg?v=1769069144"},{"product_id":"mda-mb-231-gfp-cell-bhc11101688","title":"MDA-MB-231-GFP cell","description":"MDA-MB-231-GFP is a fluorescently labeled variant of the widely used MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line, engineered to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) via lentiviral transduction. This modification enables real-time visualization and quantification of tumor cell dynamics both in vitro and in vivo, facilitating detailed analysis of tumor-stroma interactions, cellular proliferation, and metastatic behavior. The parental MDA-MB-231 line originates from a pleural effusion of a patient with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and exhibits aggressive, invasive behavior with a mesenchymal phenotype, making it a cornerstone model for studying TNBC pathophysiology and treatment resistance.\n\nIn co-culture experiments with human mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs), MDA-MB-231-GFP cells have demonstrated significantly enhanced proliferation and tumor-promoting behavior. Studies showed that direct contact with MSCs, rather than soluble factors alone, is critical for this effect. Specifically, co-culture with MSCs led to a 39.5% increase in MDA-MB-231-GFP cell proliferation after four days compared to monoculture, and induced expression of CD90 on a subset of breast cancer cells—a marker not expressed under standard conditions. This MSC-induced CD90 expression required direct cell–cell interaction and was partially inhibited by blocking gap junctions or Notch signaling, indicating the involvement of specific intercellular communication pathways.\n\nIn vivo, co-injection of MDA-MB-231-GFP cells with MSCs into immunodeficient NOD\/scid mice resulted in approximately tenfold increased tumor volume and enhanced metastatic potential compared to injection of cancer cells alone. These tumors exhibited elevated vascularization and higher viability, and retained a minority CD90-positive population, reinforcing the in vitro findings. Together, these studies position MDA-MB-231-GFP as a robust model for investigating tumor-stroma interactions, MSC-induced phenotypic plasticity, and mechanisms of tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer.\n\u003cp style=\"display:none\"\u003eSKU:BHC11101688\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Cytion","offers":[{"title":"1 cryovial","offer_id":52950215786861,"sku":"305691","price":800.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/MDA-MB-231_2BGFP_20P1_2020x01_20020725_ch00_1920x1920_56d5b661-6c02-49ba-ac08-c940a0de0cba.jpg?v=1769069145"},{"product_id":"mda-mb-361-cell-bhc11101457","title":"MDA-MB-361 cell","description":"The MDA-MB-361 cell line is derived from a metastatic site of breast adenocarcinoma in a human adult. This cell line is utilized extensively in breast cancer research, particularly in studies investigating the molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis, hormone receptor signaling, and therapeutic responses. MDA-MB-361 cells are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and HER2-positive, making them a valuable model for studying the interplay between these receptors in breast cancer progression and treatment.\nMDA-MB-361 cells exhibit an epithelial morphology and are known for their ability to form colonies in soft agar, indicative of their tumorigenic potential. They express key markers associated with breast cancer, including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2\/neu). These cells are frequently used to evaluate the efficacy of hormonal therapies, targeted treatments, and chemotherapeutic agents in preclinical studies. Additionally, MDA-MB-361 cells serve as a model to study the mechanisms of resistance to HER2-targeted therapies and to develop strategies to overcome such resistance. Their relevance in breast cancer research underscores their importance in advancing our understanding of cancer biology and improving therapeutic approaches for breast cancer patients.\n\u003cp style=\"display:none\"\u003eSKU:BHC11101457\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Cytion","offers":[{"title":"1 cryovial","offer_id":52950215819629,"sku":"305267","price":395.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/MDA-MB-361_20P5_2020x01_20231024_ch00_1920x1920_e5d8eff5-7011-475d-82b6-d1646a1daf05.jpg?v=1769069145"},{"product_id":"mda-mb-415-cell-bhc11101356","title":"MDA-MB-415 cell","description":"The MDA-MB-415 cell line is derived from a metastatic site of an adult female patient with breast adenocarcinoma. These cells are epithelial in nature and exhibit characteristics typical of mammary gland epithelial cells. They are known for their utility in studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying breast cancer, including hormone receptor activity and gene expression profiles. The MDA-MB-415 cell line is estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and HER2 negative, making it particularly valuable for research focused on hormone-responsive breast cancers. Researchers utilize these cells to investigate the role of estrogen signaling in breast cancer progression and to evaluate the efficacy of anti-estrogen therapies.\n\nIn terms of growth characteristics, MDA-MB-415 cells grow as adherent monolayers and require a nutrient-rich culture medium to maintain optimal growth and viability. These cells exhibit a moderate doubling time, which makes them suitable for various in vitro assays, including proliferation, apoptosis, and drug sensitivity studies. The genetic profile of MDA-MB-415 cells has been extensively characterized, revealing key mutations and gene expression patterns that are relevant to breast cancer biology. This cell line serves as a critical model for understanding the complex interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment, aiding in the development of novel therapeutic strategies.\n\u003cp style=\"display:none\"\u003eSKU:BHC11101356\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Cytion","offers":[{"title":"1 cryovial","offer_id":52950215852397,"sku":"305129","price":395.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/MDA-MB-415_20P1_20WaKo_2010x01_20070225_ch00_1920x1920_67f49a84-1b02-4ff4-84b2-7c8b33c00d98.jpg?v=1769069145"},{"product_id":"mda-mb-435s-cell-bhc11101420","title":"MDA-MB-435S cell","description":"Disclaimer: The cell line in question has been identified as problematic due to contamination issues. Specifically, the parent cell line (MDA-MB-435) has been shown to be a derivative of the M14 cell line.The MDA-MB-435S cell line is a widely utilized model in cancer research, originally thought to be derived from a breast cancer metastasis. These cells exhibit characteristics typical of highly aggressive cancer cells, including a rapid proliferation rate, resistance to apoptosis, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues. Due to these traits, MDA-MB-435S cells are frequently used in studies investigating cancer metastasis, drug resistance mechanisms, and the molecular underpinnings of aggressive tumor behavior.\n\nInterestingly, subsequent molecular and genetic analyses have revealed that MDA-MB-435S cells share a closer genetic profile with melanoma rather than breast cancer, raising significant implications for their use in research. Despite this controversy, they remain a valuable model for studying metastatic processes and testing potential therapeutic agents, particularly those targeting mechanisms common to both breast cancer and melanoma. Researchers are advised to consider these genetic findings when interpreting results obtained from studies involving MDA-MB-435S cells.\n\u003cp style=\"display:none\"\u003eSKU:BHC11101420\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Cytion","offers":[{"title":"1 cryovial","offer_id":52950215885165,"sku":"300277","price":395.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/MDA-MB-435S_20_281_29.jpg?v=1769069146"},{"product_id":"mda-mb-436-cell-bhc11101421","title":"MDA-MB-436 cell","description":"The MDA-MB-436 cell line is derived from a human breast adenocarcinoma. This cell line is characterized by its triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) phenotype, lacking estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. Such characteristics make it an invaluable model for studying TNBC, a particularly aggressive and difficult-to-treat subtype of breast cancer. The cells exhibit an epithelial morphology and are known for their robust proliferative capacity in vitro.\n\nGenetically, MDA-MB-436 cells harbor mutations in key cancer-related genes, including BRCA1 and TP53. The BRCA1 mutation is of particular interest, as it mirrors the genetic alterations found in a subset of hereditary breast cancers. This makes MDA-MB-436 a crucial tool for investigating the mechanisms underlying BRCA1-associated tumorigenesis and for testing potential therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways. Additionally, the cell line has been employed in research focused on chemotherapy resistance, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment.\n\nResearchers working with MDA-MB-436 cells benefit from its well-documented characteristics, allowing for reproducible and reliable experimental outcomes. Studies utilizing this cell line contribute significantly to the understanding of TNBC biology and the development of novel treatments for this challenging cancer subtype. However, care must be taken in experimental design, as the absence of hormone receptors and HER2 expression necessitates alternative approaches compared to other breast cancer models.\n\u003cp style=\"display:none\"\u003eSKU:BHC11101421\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Cytion","offers":[{"title":"1 cryovial","offer_id":52950215917933,"sku":"300278","price":450.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/MDA-MB-436_20_20P1_2020x01_20250325_ch00_1920x1920_368e69a4-a2b2-4fde-a531-07cb7fa90fc5.jpg?v=1769069146"},{"product_id":"mda-mb-468-cell-bhc11101422","title":"MDA-MB-468 cell","description":"The MDA-MB-468 cell line is a well-established human breast cancer cell line derived from the pleural effusion of an adult patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma. These cells are characterized by their epithelial morphology and are known for their high degree of aneuploidy. MDA-MB-468 cells are estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) and are often used as a model to study triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of breast cancer that lacks estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2\/neu expression. This makes MDA-MB-468 a critical tool for research into cancers that do not respond to hormonal therapy or HER2-targeted treatments.\n\nGenetically, MDA-MB-468 cells exhibit mutations in the TP53 gene, which is a common occurrence in various forms of cancer and plays a significant role in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. The cell line also shows amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, contributing to its utility in studying the EGFR signaling pathway and its implications in cancer progression and treatment resistance. Researchers frequently utilize MDA-MB-468 cells to investigate mechanisms of drug resistance, test new therapeutic agents, and explore the molecular biology of aggressive breast cancers.\n\nIn addition to their genetic and phenotypic characteristics, MDA-MB-468 cells are known for their ability to form xenografts in immunocompromised mice, making them a valuable model for in vivo studies of tumor growth and metastasis. This cell line's responsiveness to various chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies is extensively studied to develop effective treatment strategies for TNBC. Overall, the MDA-MB-468 cell line is a crucial resource for advancing breast cancer research, particularly in the context of triple-negative and EGFR-positive malignancies.\n\u003cp style=\"display:none\"\u003eSKU:BHC11101422\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Cytion","offers":[{"title":"1 cryovial","offer_id":52950215950701,"sku":"300279","price":395.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/MDA-MB-468_20P1_2020x01_20090525_ch00_1920x1920_8d583397-0a2d-4175-93cd-12478f9cc786.jpg?v=1769069146"},{"product_id":"fish-malondialdehyde-mda-elisa-kit-bhe12115693","title":"Fish Malondialdehyde, MDA ELISA Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFish Malondialdehyde (MDA)\u003c\/strong\u003e is a molecular target commonly studied in neuroscience, signal transduction, and metabolism research. This molecule is commonly investigated as part of broader signaling, regulatory, or homeostatic networks.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological role and pathway context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the literature, Fish Malondialdehyde (MDA) is frequently examined in relation to neuronal signaling and synaptic function, neuroinflammation and glial responses, and neurodegeneration models. Depending on the model system, changes in abundance can be associated with shifts in signaling state, cellular composition, or tissue physiology.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExpression and regulation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpression of Fish Malondialdehyde (MDA) can vary across tissues and cell types and may change under conditions such as immune activation, stress responses, injury, infection, or metabolic perturbation. Reported regulation may involve transcriptional control as well as post-translational processes that influence stability, localization, processing, or secretion.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch and disease relevance\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFish Malondialdehyde (MDA) has been reported as a useful readout in studies of physiological regulation and disease-associated processes. These observations make it relevant for hypothesis-driven research and biomarker exploration, while interpretation should remain grounded in the specific species, sample matrix, and study design.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInterpreting concentration measurements\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasured levels of Fish Malondialdehyde (MDA) can reflect multiple biological factors, including production rate, turnover, compartmental distribution, and sample composition. As a result, conclusions are often supported by considering broader pathway context and complementary readouts rather than relying on a single analyte alone.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Bioassay Technology Laboratory","offers":[{"title":"96T","offer_id":52952741020013,"sku":"E0017Fi-96T","price":498.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"48T","offer_id":52952741052781,"sku":"E0017Fi-48T","price":360.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/E0017Fi.jpg?v=1769147739"},{"product_id":"rat-malondialdehyde-mda-elisa-kit-bhe12115719","title":"Rat Malondialdehyde, MDA ELISA Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalondialdehyde (MDA)\u003c\/strong\u003e is a molecular target commonly studied in neuroscience, signal transduction, and metabolism research. This molecule is commonly investigated as part of broader signaling, regulatory, or homeostatic networks.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological role and pathway context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the literature, Malondialdehyde (MDA) is frequently examined in relation to neuronal signaling and synaptic function, neuroinflammation and glial responses, and neurodegeneration models. Depending on the model system, changes in abundance can be associated with shifts in signaling state, cellular composition, or tissue physiology.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExpression and regulation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpression of Malondialdehyde (MDA) can vary across tissues and cell types and may change under conditions such as immune activation, stress responses, injury, infection, or metabolic perturbation. Reported regulation may involve transcriptional control as well as post-translational processes that influence stability, localization, processing, or secretion.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch and disease relevance\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalondialdehyde (MDA) has been reported as a useful readout in studies of physiological regulation and disease-associated processes. These observations make it relevant for hypothesis-driven research and biomarker exploration, while interpretation should remain grounded in the specific species, sample matrix, and study design.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInterpreting concentration measurements\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasured levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) can reflect multiple biological factors, including production rate, turnover, compartmental distribution, and sample composition. As a result, conclusions are often supported by considering broader pathway context and complementary readouts rather than relying on a single analyte alone.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Bioassay Technology Laboratory","offers":[{"title":"96T","offer_id":52952742986093,"sku":"E0156Ra-96T","price":458.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"48T","offer_id":52952743018861,"sku":"E0156Ra-48T","price":320.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/E0156Ra.jpg?v=1769147745"},{"product_id":"bovine-malondialdehyde-mda-elisa-kit-bhe12115725","title":"Bovine Malondialdehyde, MDA ELISA Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalondialdehyde (MDA)\u003c\/strong\u003e is a molecular target commonly studied in neuroscience, signal transduction, and metabolism research. This molecule is commonly investigated as part of broader signaling, regulatory, or homeostatic networks.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological role and pathway context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the literature, Malondialdehyde (MDA) is frequently examined in relation to neuronal signaling and synaptic function, neuroinflammation and glial responses, and neurodegeneration models. Depending on the model system, changes in abundance can be associated with shifts in signaling state, cellular composition, or tissue physiology.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExpression and regulation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpression of Malondialdehyde (MDA) can vary across tissues and cell types and may change under conditions such as immune activation, stress responses, injury, infection, or metabolic perturbation. Reported regulation may involve transcriptional control as well as post-translational processes that influence stability, localization, processing, or secretion.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch and disease relevance\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalondialdehyde (MDA) has been reported as a useful readout in studies of physiological regulation and disease-associated processes. These observations make it relevant for hypothesis-driven research and biomarker exploration, while interpretation should remain grounded in the specific species, sample matrix, and study design.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInterpreting concentration measurements\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasured levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) can reflect multiple biological factors, including production rate, turnover, compartmental distribution, and sample composition. As a result, conclusions are often supported by considering broader pathway context and complementary readouts rather than relying on a single analyte alone.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Bioassay Technology Laboratory","offers":[{"title":"96T","offer_id":52952743543149,"sku":"E0198Bo-96T","price":458.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"48T","offer_id":52952743575917,"sku":"E0198Bo-48T","price":320.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/E0198Bo.jpg?v=1769147747"},{"product_id":"rabbit-malondialdehyde-mda-elisa-kit-bhe12115734","title":"Rabbit Malondialdehyde, MDA ELISA Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalondialdehyde (MDA)\u003c\/strong\u003e is a molecular target commonly studied in neuroscience, signal transduction, and metabolism research. This molecule is commonly investigated as part of broader signaling, regulatory, or homeostatic networks.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological role and pathway context\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the literature, Malondialdehyde (MDA) is frequently examined in relation to neuronal signaling and synaptic function, neuroinflammation and glial responses, and neurodegeneration models. Depending on the model system, changes in abundance can be associated with shifts in signaling state, cellular composition, or tissue physiology.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExpression and regulation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpression of Malondialdehyde (MDA) can vary across tissues and cell types and may change under conditions such as immune activation, stress responses, injury, infection, or metabolic perturbation. Reported regulation may involve transcriptional control as well as post-translational processes that influence stability, localization, processing, or secretion.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch and disease relevance\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalondialdehyde (MDA) has been reported as a useful readout in studies of physiological regulation and disease-associated processes. These observations make it relevant for hypothesis-driven research and biomarker exploration, while interpretation should remain grounded in the specific species, sample matrix, and study design.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInterpreting concentration measurements\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasured levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) can reflect multiple biological factors, including production rate, turnover, compartmental distribution, and sample composition. As a result, conclusions are often supported by considering broader pathway context and complementary readouts rather than relying on a single analyte alone.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Bioassay Technology Laboratory","offers":[{"title":"96T","offer_id":52952745705837,"sku":"E0270Rb-96T","price":458.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"48T","offer_id":52952745738605,"sku":"E0270Rb-48T","price":320.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/E0270Rb.jpg?v=1769147749"},{"product_id":"human-3-nitrotyrosine-3-nt-elisa-kit-bhe12115782","title":"Human 3-Nitrotyrosine, 3-NT ELISA Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT)\u003c\/strong\u003e is a molecular target commonly studied in cell biology research. 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Many proteins are studied as molecular readouts that can change with cellular state, tissue remodeling, or stress responses.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological role and mechanism\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe biological role of 4-HNE is typically understood in terms of its molecular category and interaction network. Depending on the model system, it may participate in cell–cell communication, intracellular signaling, enzymatic processing, or regulation of gene expression programs. Mechanistic interpretation is often strengthened by considering upstream regulators and downstream readouts rather than relying on a single marker.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpression and abundance of 4-HNE can vary by tissue, cell type, and physiological state. In many systems, levels are influenced by factors such as developmental stage, immune activation, metabolic status, and cellular stress. Because sample matrix and pre-analytical handling can affect measured concentrations, interpretation is typically strongest when experiments keep collection and processing consistent across groups.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNomenclature and related terms\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4-HNE (4-Hydroxynonenal)\u003c\/strong\u003e may also be referenced as \u003cstrong\u003e4-HNE\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e4-Hydroxynonenal\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eHNE\u003c\/strong\u003e in the literature or in databases. When comparing results across studies, confirm that the reported analyte refers to the same molecule, species context, and molecular form (e.g., precursor vs mature protein, or soluble vs membrane-associated forms).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhy it matters in research\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnderstanding how 4-HNE relates to signal transduction, tissue homeostasis, stress responses, and disease-model biology in biomedical research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInterpreting shifts in 4-HNE levels alongside other pathway components or complementary markers.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConnecting molecular changes to phenotypes such as inflammation, remodeling, metabolism shifts, or cell-state transitions (context-dependent).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMolecular forms and interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor some targets, isoforms, proteolytic processing, or post-translational modifications (such as phosphorylation or glycosylation) can influence function and apparent abundance. If multiple molecular forms are expected in your model, align interpretation with the form most relevant to the biological question.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDisease and translational relevance\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-HNE has been investigated across diverse physiological and disease contexts, and changes in its abundance have been reported in areas aligned with biomedical studies. These associations are interpreted as research findings rather than diagnostic or therapeutic claims, and they should be evaluated alongside model-specific covariates and study design.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Fine Test","offers":[{"title":"96 T","offer_id":52974769471853,"sku":"EM1583-96T","price":520.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/elisa_54516817-243b-47a9-b8c5-5d9808d0a76f.jpg?v=1769596756"},{"product_id":"human-4-hne-4-hydroxynonenal-elisa-kit-bhe10800849","title":"Human 4-HNE (4-Hydroxynonenal) ELISA Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ehuman 4-HNE (4-Hydroxynonenal)\u003c\/strong\u003e is a molecular target commonly studied in biomedical research. Many proteins are studied as molecular readouts that can change with cellular state, tissue remodeling, or stress responses.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological role and mechanism\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe biological role of 4-HNE is typically understood in terms of its molecular category and interaction network. Depending on the model system, it may participate in cell–cell communication, intracellular signaling, enzymatic processing, or regulation of gene expression programs. Mechanistic interpretation is often strengthened by considering upstream regulators and downstream readouts rather than relying on a single marker.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpression and abundance of 4-HNE can vary by tissue, cell type, and physiological state. In many systems, levels are influenced by factors such as developmental stage, immune activation, metabolic status, and cellular stress. Because sample matrix and pre-analytical handling can affect measured concentrations, interpretation is typically strongest when experiments keep collection and processing consistent across groups.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNomenclature and related terms\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4-HNE (4-Hydroxynonenal)\u003c\/strong\u003e may also be referenced as \u003cstrong\u003e4-HNE\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e4-Hydroxynonenal\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eHNE\u003c\/strong\u003e in the literature or in databases. When comparing results across studies, confirm that the reported analyte refers to the same molecule, species context, and molecular form (e.g., precursor vs mature protein, or soluble vs membrane-associated forms).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhy it matters in research\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnderstanding how 4-HNE relates to signal transduction, tissue homeostasis, stress responses, and disease-model biology in biomedical research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInterpreting shifts in 4-HNE levels alongside other pathway components or complementary markers.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConnecting molecular changes to phenotypes such as inflammation, remodeling, metabolism shifts, or cell-state transitions (context-dependent).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMolecular forms and interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor some targets, isoforms, proteolytic processing, or post-translational modifications (such as phosphorylation or glycosylation) can influence function and apparent abundance. If multiple molecular forms are expected in your model, align interpretation with the form most relevant to the biological question.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDisease and translational relevance\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-HNE has been investigated across diverse physiological and disease contexts, and changes in its abundance have been reported in areas aligned with biomedical studies. These associations are interpreted as research findings rather than diagnostic or therapeutic claims, and they should be evaluated alongside model-specific covariates and study design.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Fine Test","offers":[{"title":"96 T","offer_id":52974776516973,"sku":"EH2080-96T","price":520.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/elisa_bb7ea889-6186-45b3-8de2-c45db53584fd.jpg?v=1769596819"},{"product_id":"3-nt-3-nitrotyrosine-elisa-kit-bhe10800850","title":"3-NT (3-Nitrotyrosine) ELISA Kit","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003euniversal 3-NT (3-Nitrotyrosine)\u003c\/strong\u003e is a molecular target commonly studied in signal transduction research. Many proteins are studied as molecular readouts that can change with cellular state, tissue remodeling, or stress responses.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological role and mechanism\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe biological role of 3-NT is typically understood in terms of its molecular category and interaction network. Depending on the model system, it may participate in cell–cell communication, intracellular signaling, enzymatic processing, or regulation of gene expression programs. Mechanistic interpretation is often strengthened by considering upstream regulators and downstream readouts rather than relying on a single marker.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpression and abundance of 3-NT can vary by tissue, cell type, and physiological state. In many systems, levels are influenced by factors such as developmental stage, immune activation, metabolic status, and cellular stress. Because sample matrix and pre-analytical handling can affect measured concentrations, interpretation is typically strongest when experiments keep collection and processing consistent across groups.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNomenclature and related terms\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3-NT (3-Nitrotyrosine)\u003c\/strong\u003e may also be referenced as \u003cstrong\u003e3-Nitrotyrosine\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e3-NT\u003c\/strong\u003e in the literature or in databases. When comparing results across studies, confirm that the reported analyte refers to the same molecule, species context, and molecular form (e.g., precursor vs mature protein, or soluble vs membrane-associated forms).\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eWhy it matters in research\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnderstanding how 3-NT relates to signal transduction, tissue homeostasis, stress responses, and disease-model biology in signal transduction research.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInterpreting shifts in 3-NT levels alongside other pathway components or complementary markers.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConnecting molecular changes to phenotypes such as inflammation, remodeling, metabolism shifts, or cell-state transitions (context-dependent).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMolecular forms and interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor some targets, isoforms, proteolytic processing, or post-translational modifications (such as phosphorylation or glycosylation) can influence function and apparent abundance. 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These associations are interpreted as research findings rather than diagnostic or therapeutic claims, and they should be evaluated alongside model-specific covariates and study design.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Fine Test","offers":[{"title":"96 T","offer_id":52974776549741,"sku":"EU2560-96T","price":520.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/elisa_e47bc00a-6ada-4f54-8c9c-2f23683a20ae.jpg?v=1769596820"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/collections\/rs-dna-oxidative-damage-8-ohdg.oembed?page=3","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}