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Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)

Adeno-associated viruses, 3D illustration

Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)


In 1965 the Adeno associated viruses (AAV) were discovered as a contaminant of preparations of the adenovirus (Ad) - hence its name. It is a small, replication-defective, non-enveloped virus (20 nm) whose genome contains single-stranded DNA. It belongs to the family of parvoviruses. In most cases, people treated with AAVs are not pathogenic because 80-90% of humans are seropositive for AAV2. As well as infecting dividing cells, recombinant AAVs can persist in an extrachromosomal form without integrating into the host cell's genome.
 

Virus serotypes

Currently, BrainVTA supplies the following serotypes: 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, rh10, DJ, DJ8, PHP.B, PHP.eB, PHP.S, retro, pan, and anc80. In addition, novel peptide-modified serotypes can also be produced on a case-by-case basis. The type of serotype determines the tissue specificity. If you are unsure which AAV serotype to use, please check out this table to explore the AAV serotypes that are available to you in order to efficiently deliver the gene into the cells or tissues of your choice.

Explore available AAV serotype
Serotype Tropism
AAV1 Muscle, heart, CNS, RPE, lung, skeletal muscle
AAV2 In vitro, CNS, RPE, muscle, liver,CNS
AAV5 Lung, RPE, CNS, pancreas, adipose, liver
AAV6 Muscle, lung, heart
AAV8 Liver, muscle, RPE, CNS, adipose, pancreas
AAV-pan Pancreas
AAV9 Lung, liver, muscle, heart, CNS, adipose, BBB
AAV.rh10 CNS, BBB, pleura
AAV-Rec2 Adipose
AAV.DJ In vitro, liver, heart, kidney
AAV2/RETRO Retro
AAV.PHP.S DRG, heart, colon
AAV.PHP.B BBB
AAV.PHP.eB BBB
Tissue-specific promoters


BrainVTA offers various tissue-specific promoters. Listed below are the most commonly chosen promoters. Don' see the promoter of interest, please inquire.

Strong promoters
Name Characteristics Size(bp)
CMV Ubiquitous 584
CAG Ubiquitous 1678
CBA( Cbh ) Ubiquitous 793
nEf1α Short Ef1α, Ubiquitous 493
Ef1α Ubiquitous 1179
hUbC Ubiquitous 1130

Inducible promoters
Name Characteristics Size(bp)
TRE3G Tetracycline(Tet)-inducible 350

Activity-dependent promoters

Name Characteristics Size(bp)
C-fos Immediate-early gene promoter 662
E-SARE Enhanced synaptic activity–responsive element 954
Neuron-specific promoters
Name Characteristics Size(bp)
Mecp2 Truncated Mcep2 neuron specific 230
hSyn Mature neuron specific 485
CaMKIIa Specific expression inexci-tatory neurons in the neocortex and hippocampus 1293
PV GABAergic neuron subtypes 2396
SST GABAergic neuron subtypes 2597
VGAT GABAergic neuron 1800
mDlX GABAergic neuron 530
TH Dopaminergic neuron specific 299
TPH2 Tryptophan hydroxylase promoter 2042
ChAT Cholinergic neuron specific 1500
GFAP104 Short GFAP 845
Cx30(GJB6) Astrocyte specific 1505
CX3CR1 Microglia specific 1263
Mash1/Ascl1 Neural stem cell specific 1469
Nestin Neural stem cell specific 1394
L7/Pcp2 Purkinje cell 990
MBP Myelin basic protein promoter, efficient transduction of oligodendrocytes 1300
TRPV1 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 2073
TRPV2 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 2 1700
D1 D1 dopamine receptor 827
D2 D2 dopamine receptor 1211
OT Oxytocin promoter 2612
CRH Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) promoter 456
PTH Human parathyroid hormone promoter 925

Eye-specific promoters
Name Characteristics Size(bp)
hGRK1 Human rhodopsin kinase promoter 292
CAR Cone arrestin gene promoter 523
CaMKIIa Specific expression inexci-tatory neurons in the neocortex and hippocampus 1293
Grm6 Bipolar cell specific expression 200
Grm6 Bipolar cell specific expression 200
mRHOP Rhodopsin gene promoter 524
ROH Rhodopsin gene promoter 2200
TH Dopaminergic neuron specific 299
Nrl Neural retina leucine zipper gene promoter 3200
RK Rhodopsin kinase promoter 295

Liver-specific promoters
Name Characteristics Size(bp)
ALB Albumin enhancer promoter 1001
TBG Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A 410



How do I obtain virus packaging services?

BrainVTA offers professional, convenient and R & D AAV products and services that range in size from small to large, and can assist scientists in accelerating their research process in circuit tracing, mechanisms of disease, and treatment of disease.

As of now, we have almost 1000 AAV products with different serotypes and promoters. Meanwhile, the company has offered AAV services for our clients based on the following serotypes: AAV-1, AAV-2, AAV-5, AAV-6, AAV-8, AAV-DJ, and AAV-PHP.eB, AAV-retro, AAV-anc80 and AAV-9. On a case-by-case basis, artificially designed serotypes and vectors can also be created.
Please click Pre-Made AAVs for the in-stock AAVs.

Click here for Custom-Made AAVs service.



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If you have any questions about plasmid vector construction services, just email us at [email protected] or call us at 866-986-9598.