{"product_id":"alpha-conotoxin-vc1-1-bhp21300307","title":"α-Conotoxin Vc1.1","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eα-Conotoxin Vc1.1\u003c\/strong\u003e is a research-grade protein\/peptide reagent used in research settings. It is commonly applied as a tool reagent related to \u003cstrong\u003eα9α10 nAChRs, GABA(B) receptors, Neuronal nAChR, Cav2.2, Cav2.3\u003c\/strong\u003e biology and\/or assay development. It is supplied in Lyophilized format to support flexible downstream use in RUO workflows. Researchers commonly pair it with applications such as Electrophysiology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e CAS: 740980-24-9, MW: 1807 Da, Formula: C71H103N23O25S4.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSource \/ origin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Conus victoriae (Queen Victoria cone).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eQuality attributes:\u003c\/strong\u003e Purity: ≥98% (HPLC); Bioassay tested: Yes; Sterile \/ endotoxin-free: No.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch3\u003eModifications\u003c\/h3\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisulfide bonds between: Cys2-Cys8, Cys3-Cys16 Cys16- C-terminal amidation\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen used as a biochemical or pharmacological tool, results are best interpreted relative to the experimental system (species, expression level, and assay readout) and with appropriate negative and competition-style controls where relevant. This product is intended for research use only.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Conotoxin Vc1.1 (Vc1.1) is a 16 amino acid synthetic version of a conopeptide, which was first discovered from a PCR screen of cDNA from the venom ducts of the tropical marine snail, Conus victoriae1. Vc1.1 adopts the archetypal three-dimensional structure of a-conotoxins, which consists of a helical region stabilized by two disulfide bonds. The α-conotoxin family members are defined, in part, by their pharmacological targets, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Vc1.1 is a neuronal nAChR antagonist that displays selectivity for the α9α10 subtype2. A subset of α-conotoxins have been shown to inhibit high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium channel currents via activation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor B (GABABR). GABABRs are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABABRs are promising targets for the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including pain, depression, and drug addiction. Vc1.1 was the first α-conotoxin shown to inhibit HVA calcium channels (CaV2.2 and CaV2.3) via GABABR activation3,4.Vc1.1 alleviates neuropathic pain in three human neuropathic pain rat models and accelerates the functional recovery of injured neurons5. This toxin has been tested in human clinical trials for the treatment of neuropathic pain, where it exhibited both clean safety and side effect profiles. In addition to its antinociceptive and antihyperalgesic actions in neuropathic pain models, Vc1.1 inhibits human DRG neurons via activation of the GABABR, which are the primary transducers at the start of the pain processing pathway6.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing high-specificity ligands, toxins, and engineered peptides to dissect closely related receptor\/channel subtypes and signaling microdomains.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePairing labeled (e.g., fluorescent) proteins\/peptides with advanced imaging to map surface expression, trafficking, and nanoscale organization.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncreasing emphasis on reproducibility through standardized characterization (identity, purity, and lot QC) and transparent reporting of reagent attributes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eElectrophysiology: commonly used to compare signal, binding, or functional readouts across conditions without implying a specific protocol.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these use cases, changes in signal or functional readout are generally interpreted as evidence of differences in target abundance, accessibility, or engagement, but alternative explanations (matrix effects, off-target interactions, or assay artifacts) should be considered.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay context matters: binding assays, functional modulation, and detection workflows can yield different readouts even for the same target system.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTarget complexity: closely related family members, splice variants, and post-translational modifications can influence apparent specificity and potency.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatrix and sample effects: buffer composition, detergents, and biological matrices may alter stability or apparent activity; interpret with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include negative controls and orthogonal validation (e.g., genetic perturbation or alternative reagents) to support robust interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/ - NCBI Gene — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/ - NCBI Protein — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/protein\/ - PubChem — NIH\/NLM\/NCBI — https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/ - IUPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — IUPHAR\/BPS — https:\/\/www.guidetopharmacology.org\/ - RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/ - NCBI Bookshelf — NIH\/NLM — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/ --\u003e","brand":"Alomone Labs","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53073022091629,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/STV500_gr_403.jpg?v=1772699897","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/alpha-conotoxin-vc1-1-bhp21300307","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}