{"product_id":"anti-cd81-extracellular-fitc-antibody-bha21300791","title":"Anti-CD81 (extracellular)-FITC Antibody","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-CD81 (extracellular)-FITC Antibody is an antibody targeting Tetraspanin-28, TSPAN28, Target of the Antiproliferative Antibody 1, TAPA-1 Polyclonal raised in Rabbit (Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)). This antibody is commonly used in FC, LCI to detect, localize, or compare expression of the target across samples.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTarget:\u003c\/strong\u003e Tetraspanin-28, TSPAN28, Target of the Antiproliferative Antibody 1, TAPA-1 (also reported as Tetraspanin-28, TSPAN28, Target of the Antiproliferative Antibody 1, TAPA-1).\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen\/epitope region:\u003c\/strong\u003e Extracellular, 2nd loop..\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHomology note:\u003c\/strong\u003e Mouse, rat - 11 out of 12 amino acid residues identical (informative for cross-species interpretation).\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies reactivity (as provided):\u003c\/strong\u003e Human, Rat, Mouse.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLot quality control (as provided):\u003c\/strong\u003e Western blot analysis (unlabeled antibody, #ANR-211), and direct flow cytometry (labeled antibody)..\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePeptide confirmation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Confirmed by amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBlocking peptide:\u003c\/strong\u003e Available for antigen preadsorption control where appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConjugate\/format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) (may affect detection channel and background).\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese attributes help researchers interpret whether signal reflects the intended target in a given assay and sample context.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCluster of differentiation 81, CD81, also known as Tetraspanin-28, Tspan28, and target of the antiproliferative antibody 1, TAPA-1, is a transmembrane (TM) protein, member of the tetraspanin family, and plays a role in intercellular interactions and cellular trafficking.1CD81 is composed of 236 amino acids, four TM regions, intracellular N- and C-termini, small (EC1) and large (EC2) extracellular loops, a short intracellular loop between TM2 and TM3, and is characterized by a bound cholesterol molecule in an intramembrane pocket between the two pairs of TM helices capped by the EC2 domain. The binding of cholesterol alters the conformation of the protein, a process which is exploited by certain viruses to enter cells. CD81 serves as a co-receptor for several viruses, including hepatitis C (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), influenza A (IAV), and Chikungunya, as well as certain bacteria and parasites.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eProfiling immune-marker expression across cell subsets with single-cell or flow-based readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eConnecting receptor\/ligand levels to activation state and cytokine programs.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eApplying genetic perturbation or orthogonal assays to support specificity and interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e  \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eFlow cytometry (direct\/indirect): quantify target-positive populations and shifts in expression across subsets.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eLive cell imaging (LCI): support extracellular-epitope detection on non-permeabilized cells when appropriate.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpretation typically benefits from comparing matched sample sets (e.g., treated vs control, WT vs KO\/KD) and using orthogonal readouts where feasible.\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e   \u003cli\u003eIsoforms and post-translational modifications can shift apparent molecular weight or epitope accessibility across samples.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eCross-species signal may depend on epitope conservation; consult the provided homology note when selecting models.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003ePermeabilization, fixation, and antigen retrieval can change accessibility of intracellular vs extracellular epitopes.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eConceptual control: antigen preadsorption (blocking peptide) can help assess signal dependence on the immunogen region.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eProvided control suggestions: Negative control: RIC-001-F.\u003c\/li\u003e   \u003cli\u003eApplication notes: see product-specific dilution\/usage notes and control concepts provided in the dataset.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApplication abbreviations:\u003c\/strong\u003e CBE- Cell-based ELISA, FC- Flow cytometry, ICC- Immunocytochemistry, IE- Indirect ELISA, IF- Immunofluorescence, IFC- Indirect flow cytometry, IHC- Immunohistochemistry, IP- Immunoprecipitation, LCI- Live cell imaging, N- Neutralization, WB- Western blot. \u003cstrong\u003eSpecies abbreviations:\u003c\/strong\u003e H- Human, M- Mouse, R- Rat.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended controls:\u003c\/strong\u003e Blocking peptide: BLP-NR211; Negative control: RIC-001-F.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - Alomone Labs product page scientific background (as provided in this catalog row) - UniProt Knowledgebase (target-level reference) - NCBI Gene (target-level reference) - General antibody validation principles (KO\/KD, peptide competition, isotype control concepts) --\u003e","brand":"Alomone Labs","offers":[{"title":"50 mcl \/ 1","offer_id":53064840708461,"sku":"ANR-211-F-50MCL-1","price":797.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mcl \/ 2","offer_id":53064933179757,"sku":"ANR-211-F-50MCL-2","price":1397.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mcl \/ 5","offer_id":53064933212525,"sku":"ANR-211-F-50MCL-5","price":2743.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"50 mcl \/ 10","offer_id":53064933245293,"sku":"ANR-211-F-50MCL-10","price":3764.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/ANR-211-F-FC.png?v=1772461027","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/anti-cd81-extracellular-fitc-antibody-bha21300791","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}