{"product_id":"anti-pkr-eif2ak2-antibody-picoband-bha21000706","title":"Anti-PKR\/EIF2AK2 Antibody Picoband®","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis antibody is intended for detection of \u003cstrong\u003eEIF2AK2 (Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase)\u003c\/strong\u003e in biological samples using common immunoassay formats. It is typically selected based on target identity, species reactivity, clonality\/clone information, and detection modality.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVendor notes:\u003c\/em\u003e Boster Bio Anti-PKR\/EIF2AK2 Antibody Picoband® catalog # PB9803. Tested in Flow Cytometry, IF, ICC, WB applications. This antibody reacts with Human. The brand Picoband indicates this is a premium antibody that guarantees superior quality, high affinity, and strong signals with minimal background in Western blot applications. Only our best-performing antibodies are designated as Picoband, ensuring unmatched performance.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAntibody format:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rabbit Polyclonal Rabbit IgG\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImmunogen \/ epitope context:\u003c\/strong\u003e A synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence at the C-terminus of human PKR, different from the related mouse sequence by fifteen amino acids, and from the related rat sequence by thirteen amino acids.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular weight context:\u003c\/strong\u003e reported MW: 69 kDa; calculated MW: 62094 MW\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Human\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eApplications:\u003c\/strong\u003e Flow Cytometry, IF, ICC, WB\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a polyclonal antibody, the reagent recognizes multiple epitopes on the target, which can improve detection robustness but may increase sensitivity to sample-dependent epitope changes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase; Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. EIF2AK2 (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2-Alpha Kinase 2), also called PKR, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK2 gene. Activation of EIF2AK2 allows the kinase to phosphorylate its natural substrate, the alpha subunit of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. By FISH analysis, Squire et al. (1993) assigned the EIF2AK2 gene to the boundary between chromosome 2p22-p21. Ben-Asouli et al. (2002) showed that human gamma-interferon mRNA uses local activation of PKR in the cell to control its own translation yield. IFNG mRNA was found to activate PKR through a pseudoknot in its 5-prime untranslated region. Taylor et al. (1999) studied the mechanism underlying the resistance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) to interferon. They demonstrated that the HCV envelope protein E2 contains a sequence identical with phosphorylation sites of the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR and the translation initiation factor EIF2-alpha, a target of PKR. E2 inhibited the kinase activity of PKR and blocked its inhibitory effect on protein synthesis and cell growth. Functional note: IFN-induced dsRNA-dependent serine\/threonine-protein kinase which plays a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection and is also involved in the regulation of signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation. Exerts its antiviral activity on a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses including hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), measles virus (MV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1). Inhibits viral replication via phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (EIF2S1), this phosphorylation impairs the recycling of EIF2S1 between successive rounds of initiation leading to inhibition of translation which eventually results in shutdown of cellular and viral protein synthesis. Also phosphorylates other substrates including p53\/TP53, PPP2R5A, DHX9, ILF3, IRS1 and the HHV-1 viral protein US11. In addition to serine\/threonine-protein kinase activity, also has tyrosine-protein kinase activity and phosphorylates CDK1 at 'Tyr-4' upon DNA damage, facilitating its ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation. Either as an adapter protein and\/or via its kinase activity, can regulate various signaling pathways (p38 MAP kinase, NF-kappa-B and insulin signaling pathways) and transcription factors (JUN, STAT1, STAT3, IRF1, ATF3) involved in the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines and IFNs. Activates the NF-kappa-B pathway via interaction with IKBKB and TRAF family of proteins and activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway via interaction with MAP2K6. Can act as both a positive and negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway (ISP). Negatively regulates ISP by inducing the inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) at 'Ser- 312' and positively regulates ISP via phosphorylation of PPP2R5A which activates FOXO1, which in turn up-regulates the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2). Can regulate NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and the activation of NLRP3, NLRP1, AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasomes. Can trigger apoptosis via FADD-mediated activation of CASP8. Plays a role in the regulation of the cytoskeleton by binding to gelsolin (GSN), sequestering the protein in an inactive conformation away from actin. . Reported localization: Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Cytoplasm, perinuclear region. Nuclear localization is elevated in acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), melanoma, breast, colon, prostate and lung cancer patient samples or cell lines as well as neurocytes from advanced Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. Expression\/tissue context: Highly expressed in thymus, spleen and bone marrow compared to non-hematopoietic tissues such as small intestine, liver, or kidney tissues. Colocalizes with GSK3B and TAU in the Alzheimer disease (AD) brain. Elevated levels seen in breast and colon carcinomas,and which correlates with tumor progression and invasiveness or risk of progression. .\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eProtein Phosphorylation: Researchers commonly examine how EIF2AK2 (Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase) relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSer\/Thr Kinases: Researchers commonly examine how EIF2AK2 (Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase) relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSignal Transduction: Researchers commonly examine how EIF2AK2 (Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase) relates to this theme using model systems and orthogonal readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eWestern blotting: compare relative EIF2AK2 (Interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase) levels across conditions; band patterns may reflect isoforms and processing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIF\/ICC: evaluate subcellular localization and co-localization patterns; signal can depend on fixation\/permeabilization and epitope accessibility.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlow cytometry: quantify target-positive populations and shifts in expression; gating strategy and background staining controls are essential.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSpecificity notes:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCross-reactivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e No cross-reactivity with other proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIsoforms and PTMs:\u003c\/strong\u003e Apparent size and signal patterns can differ across splice isoforms, proteolytic processing, and post-translational modifications.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eControls:\u003c\/strong\u003e Include an isotype control (as relevant), no-primary control for imaging, and orthogonal validation such as KD\/KO samples when available.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt entry for P19525: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P19525\/entry - PubMed search (EIF2AK2): https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=EIF2AK2 - NCBI Gene search (EIF2AK2): https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=EIF2AK2 - Antibody validation concepts (NIH): https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/research-training\/rigor-reproducibility --\u003e","brand":"Boster Bio","offers":[{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Unconjugated","offer_id":53066835165549,"sku":"PB9803","price":370.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Biotin","offer_id":53067144495469,"sku":"PB9803-Biotin","price":570.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Cy3","offer_id":53067144528237,"sku":"PB9803-Cy3","price":570.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro488","offer_id":53067144561005,"sku":"PB9803-Fluoro488","price":570.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro550","offer_id":53067144593773,"sku":"PB9803-Fluoro550","price":570.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro594","offer_id":53067144626541,"sku":"PB9803-Fluoro594","price":570.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ FITC","offer_id":53067144659309,"sku":"PB9803-FITC","price":570.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ HRP","offer_id":53067144692077,"sku":"PB9803-HRP","price":570.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ APC","offer_id":53067144724845,"sku":"PB9803-APC","price":820.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ PE","offer_id":53067144757613,"sku":"PB9803-PE","price":820.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Fluoro647","offer_id":53067144790381,"sku":"PB9803-Fluoro647","price":670.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug\/vial \/ Carrier Free","offer_id":53067144823149,"sku":"PB9803-carrier-free","price":370.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/pb9803-pkr-primary-antibodies-wb-testing-1.jpg?v=1772608194","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/anti-pkr-eif2ak2-antibody-picoband-bha21000706","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}