{"product_id":"dktx-bhp21300199","title":"DkTx","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDkTx\u003c\/strong\u003e is a research-grade protein\/peptide reagent used in research settings. It is commonly applied as a tool reagent related to \u003cstrong\u003eTRPV1 channel\u003c\/strong\u003e biology and\/or assay development. It is supplied in Lyophilized format to support flexible downstream use in RUO workflows. Researchers commonly pair it with applications such as Electrophysiology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e MW: 8529 Da, Formula: C376H549N95O107S13.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSource \/ origin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cyriopagopus schmidti (Chinese bird spider) (Haplopelma schmidti).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eQuality attributes:\u003c\/strong\u003e Purity: ≥98% (HPLC); Bioassay tested: Yes; Sterile \/ endotoxin-free: No.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch3\u003eModifications\u003c\/h3\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisulfide bonds between: Cys2-Cys16, Cys9-Cys23, Cys15-Cys31, Cys44-Cys58, Cys51-Cys63, Cys57-Cys71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen used as a biochemical or pharmacological tool, results are best interpreted relative to the experimental system (species, expression level, and assay readout) and with appropriate negative and competition-style controls where relevant. This product is intended for research use only.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDouble-knot toxin (DkTx) is a 75 amino acid peptidyl toxin isolated from the venom of the Chinese bird spider, Ornithoctonus huwena1. DkTx selectively activates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel by targeting the outer pore domain. DkTx binds bivalently to TRPV1 in an open state-dependent manner1.DkTx shown to consist of two head-to-tail inhibitory cysteine-knot (ICK) motif repeats, referred to as knot1 (K1) and knot2 (K2), separated by a short 7-amino-acid linker. Each unit can exist as structurally and functionally independent entities which, when combined, synergize to produce a ligand of exceedingly high avidity1,2. The two ICK motifs of DkTx bind two homologous binding sites in adjacent subunits of the tetrameric channel, while its linker adopts a taut and constrained conformation. The ICK lobes also interact with lipids in the membrane bilayer, forming a toxin-channel-lipid tripartite complex. DkTx partitions into the membrane and that its two knots bind to the outer pore region of TRPV1 leading to sustained channel activation3-5.TRPV1 is a non-selective cation channel expressed in nociceptive sensory neurons that plays important roles in the transduction of noxious stimuli as well as thermosensation.In the peripheral nervous system, TRPV1 channel was found to be highly expressed in the spinal dorsal root ganglion neurons, the trigeminal ganglion and primary sensory neurons, which mainly mediate pain perception, transmission and regulation process. In the central nervous system, the TRPV channel was found mainly involved in the regulation of body temperature, release of synaptic neurotransmitters, synaptic transmission and apoptosis. In addition, TRPV1 is widely expressed in non-neuronal cells and has been shown to play an important role in the immune systeM As a receptor for multiple injurious stimuli, TRPV1 has emerged as a new and promising target for developing analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs6,7.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing high-specificity ligands, toxins, and engineered peptides to dissect closely related receptor\/channel subtypes and signaling microdomains.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePairing labeled (e.g., fluorescent) proteins\/peptides with advanced imaging to map surface expression, trafficking, and nanoscale organization.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncreasing emphasis on reproducibility through standardized characterization (identity, purity, and lot QC) and transparent reporting of reagent attributes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eElectrophysiology: commonly used to compare signal, binding, or functional readouts across conditions without implying a specific protocol.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these use cases, changes in signal or functional readout are generally interpreted as evidence of differences in target abundance, accessibility, or engagement, but alternative explanations (matrix effects, off-target interactions, or assay artifacts) should be considered.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay context matters: binding assays, functional modulation, and detection workflows can yield different readouts even for the same target system.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTarget complexity: closely related family members, splice variants, and post-translational modifications can influence apparent specificity and potency.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatrix and sample effects: buffer composition, detergents, and biological matrices may alter stability or apparent activity; interpret with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include negative controls and orthogonal validation (e.g., genetic perturbation or alternative reagents) to support robust interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/ - NCBI Gene — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/ - NCBI Protein — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/protein\/ - PubChem — NIH\/NLM\/NCBI — https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/ - IUPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — IUPHAR\/BPS — https:\/\/www.guidetopharmacology.org\/ - RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/ - NCBI Bookshelf — NIH\/NLM — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/ --\u003e","brand":"Alomone Labs","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53073016488301,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/STD-010-DkTx-on-TRPV1-in-oocytes-activation-by-1uM_699.jpg?v=1772699889","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/dktx-bhp21300199","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}