{"product_id":"dktx-k2-bhp21300200","title":"DkTx-K2","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDkTx-K2\u003c\/strong\u003e is a research-grade protein\/peptide reagent used in research settings. It is commonly applied as a tool reagent related to \u003cstrong\u003eTRPV1 channel\u003c\/strong\u003e biology and\/or assay development. It is supplied in Lyophilized format to support flexible downstream use in RUO workflows. Researchers commonly pair it with applications such as Electrophysiology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e MW: 3675.3 Da, Formula: C159H233N43O46S6.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSource \/ origin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cyriopagopus schmidti (Chinese bird spider) (Haplopelma schmidti).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eQuality attributes:\u003c\/strong\u003e Purity: \u0026gt;96% (HPLC); Bioassay tested: Yes; Sterile \/ endotoxin-free: No.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch3\u003eModifications\u003c\/h3\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisulfide bonds between: Cys2-Cys16, Cys9-Cys21, Cys15-Cys29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen used as a biochemical or pharmacological tool, results are best interpreted relative to the experimental system (species, expression level, and assay readout) and with appropriate negative and competition-style controls where relevant. This product is intended for research use only.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDouble-knot toxin-K2 (DkTx-K2) is one of the two inhibitory cysteine-knot (ICK) lobes that are the receptor-binding subunits of the full-length DkTx toxin (1,2). DkTx, a peptide toxin originally isolated from the venom of the Chinese bird spider Cyriopagopus schmidti (formerly known as Ornithoctonus huwena), selectively and irreversibly activates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel by targeting the outer pore domain (1). The two ICK motifs that comprise DkTx (K1 and K2) are highly homologous yet differ in their potency, affinity, and binding orientation to the TRPV1 channel.Full-length DkTx partitions into the cellular membrane and binds bivalently to TRPV1, triggering long-lasting channel activation. In contrast, its monovalent single knots partition into the membrane poorly and activate TRPV1 in a rapidly reversible manner (3-6). DkTx-K2 is a more effective activator of TRPV1 than K1, since K2 binds to the outer channel as part of a protein-protein interface, while K1 initiates membrane interaction. DkTx-K2 therefore binds TRPV1 with higher affinity than K1 (1-3), which makes it a more flexible and specific research tool than native DkTx or capsaicin.One of the most versatile pain receptors, TRPV1, is expressed in nociceptors and plays important roles in the transduction of noxious stimuli and thermosensation. In addition, TRPV1 is widely expressed in non-neuronal cells and has been shown to play an important role in the immune systeM As a receptor for multiple injurious stimuli, TRPV1 has emerged as a new and promising target for developing analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs (7,8).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing high-specificity ligands, toxins, and engineered peptides to dissect closely related receptor\/channel subtypes and signaling microdomains.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePairing labeled (e.g., fluorescent) proteins\/peptides with advanced imaging to map surface expression, trafficking, and nanoscale organization.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncreasing emphasis on reproducibility through standardized characterization (identity, purity, and lot QC) and transparent reporting of reagent attributes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eElectrophysiology: commonly used to compare signal, binding, or functional readouts across conditions without implying a specific protocol.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these use cases, changes in signal or functional readout are generally interpreted as evidence of differences in target abundance, accessibility, or engagement, but alternative explanations (matrix effects, off-target interactions, or assay artifacts) should be considered.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay context matters: binding assays, functional modulation, and detection workflows can yield different readouts even for the same target system.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTarget complexity: closely related family members, splice variants, and post-translational modifications can influence apparent specificity and potency.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatrix and sample effects: buffer composition, detergents, and biological matrices may alter stability or apparent activity; interpret with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include negative controls and orthogonal validation (e.g., genetic perturbation or alternative reagents) to support robust interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/ - NCBI Gene — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/ - NCBI Protein — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/protein\/ - PubChem — NIH\/NLM\/NCBI — https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/ - IUPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — IUPHAR\/BPS — https:\/\/www.guidetopharmacology.org\/ - RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/ - NCBI Bookshelf — NIH\/NLM — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/ --\u003e","brand":"Alomone Labs","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53073015832941,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/STD-020-DkTx-K2-on-TRPV1-in-oocytes-activation-by-10uM_698.jpg?v=1772699888","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/dktx-k2-bhp21300200","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}