{"product_id":"maurotoxin-bhp21300252","title":"Maurotoxin","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaurotoxin\u003c\/strong\u003e is a research-grade protein\/peptide reagent used in research settings. It is commonly applied as a tool reagent related to \u003cstrong\u003eKCa and KV1 K+ channels\u003c\/strong\u003e biology and\/or assay development. It is supplied in Lyophilized format to support flexible downstream use in RUO workflows. Researchers commonly pair it with applications such as Electrophysiology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e CAS: 188240-41-7, MW: 3612 Da, Formula: C145H232N46O46S8.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSource \/ origin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Scorpio palmatus (Israeli golden scorpion) (Scorpio maurus palmatus).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eQuality attributes:\u003c\/strong\u003e Purity: \u0026gt;99% (HPLC); Bioassay tested: Yes; Sterile \/ endotoxin-free: No.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch3\u003eModifications\u003c\/h3\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisulfide bonds between: Cys3-Cys24, Cys9-Cys29, Cys13-Cys19 and Cys31-Cys34 Cys34 - C-terminal amidation\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen used as a biochemical or pharmacological tool, results are best interpreted relative to the experimental system (species, expression level, and assay readout) and with appropriate negative and competition-style controls where relevant. This product is intended for research use only.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaurotoxin (MTX) is a 34 amino acid long toxin, isolated from the venom of the scorpion Scorpio Maurus palmatus, and is classified as α-KTx6.2 scorpion toxin family, having four disulfide bridges1,2.MTX activity was extensively assayed on a large array of K+ channels, including KCa (KCa1.1, KCa2.1, KCa2.2, KCa3.1), KV1 (KV1.1, KV1.2 and KV1.3) and Shaker-B K+ currents. MTX inhibits the binding of 125I-Apamin and 125I-Kaliotoxin to rat brain synaptosomal membranes with an IC50 of 5 nM and 30 pM, respectively3. Furthermore, MTX blocks KCNA1 (KV1.1), KCNA2 (KV1.2) and KCNA3 (KV1.3) expressed in Xenopus oocyes with an IC50 of 45 nM, 0.8 nM, and 180 nM, respectively3. Maurotoxin blocks Shaker-B K+ current with an IC50 of 2 nM4. In contrast to previous reports, MTX was recently shown to have no effect on KCa1.1, KCa2.1 and KCa2.2 small conductance KCa channels up to 300 nM in physiologically relevant ionic strength buffers, but rather produces a high and specific block towards KCa3.1 (IKca1, SK4) and KCNA2 (KV1.2) with IC50 of 1 nM and 0.1 nM, respectively5. Furthermore, MTX was shown to block Gardos channel in human red blood cells and to inhibit the KCa in activated human T-lymphocytes without affecting the voltage-gated K+ current encoded by KCNA35. Moreover, MTX inhibition was shown to be pH-dependent6,7.In conclusion, Maurotoxin seems to be a very potent blocker of both KCa3.1 and KV1.2 channels.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing high-specificity ligands, toxins, and engineered peptides to dissect closely related receptor\/channel subtypes and signaling microdomains.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePairing labeled (e.g., fluorescent) proteins\/peptides with advanced imaging to map surface expression, trafficking, and nanoscale organization.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncreasing emphasis on reproducibility through standardized characterization (identity, purity, and lot QC) and transparent reporting of reagent attributes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eElectrophysiology: commonly used to compare signal, binding, or functional readouts across conditions without implying a specific protocol.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these use cases, changes in signal or functional readout are generally interpreted as evidence of differences in target abundance, accessibility, or engagement, but alternative explanations (matrix effects, off-target interactions, or assay artifacts) should be considered.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay context matters: binding assays, functional modulation, and detection workflows can yield different readouts even for the same target system.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTarget complexity: closely related family members, splice variants, and post-translational modifications can influence apparent specificity and potency.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatrix and sample effects: buffer composition, detergents, and biological matrices may alter stability or apparent activity; interpret with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include negative controls and orthogonal validation (e.g., genetic perturbation or alternative reagents) to support robust interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/ - NCBI Gene — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/ - NCBI Protein — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/protein\/ - PubChem — NIH\/NLM\/NCBI — https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/ - IUPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — IUPHAR\/BPS — https:\/\/www.guidetopharmacology.org\/ - RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/ - NCBI Bookshelf — NIH\/NLM — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/ --\u003e","brand":"Alomone Labs","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53073020453229,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/sMaurotoxin-on-Kv1.2-in-oocytes_371.jpg?v=1772699891","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/maurotoxin-bhp21300252","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}