{"product_id":"mu-trtx-tsp1a-bhp21300303","title":"µ-TRTX-Tsp1a","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eµ-TRTX-Tsp1a\u003c\/strong\u003e is a research-grade protein\/peptide reagent used in research settings. It is commonly applied as a tool reagent related to \u003cstrong\u003eNav 1.7\u003c\/strong\u003e biology and\/or assay development. It is supplied in Lyophilized format to support flexible downstream use in RUO workflows. Researchers commonly pair it with applications such as Electrophysiology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e MW: 3391 Da, Formula: C148H221N41O39S6.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSource \/ origin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Thrixopelma spec. (Peru) spider.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eQuality attributes:\u003c\/strong\u003e Purity: ≥97% (HPLC); Bioassay tested: Yes; Sterile \/ endotoxin-free: No.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch3\u003eModifications\u003c\/h3\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisulfide bonds between: Cys2-Cys16, Cys9-Cys21, Cys15-Cys28 Asn28 - C-terminal amidation\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen used as a biochemical or pharmacological tool, results are best interpreted relative to the experimental system (species, expression level, and assay readout) and with appropriate negative and competition-style controls where relevant. This product is intended for research use only.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eμ-theraphotoxin-Tsp1a (Tsp1a) is a 28 amino acid peptidyl toxin originally isolated from the venom of the Thrixopelma spec. (Peru) spider venoM Tsp1a is a potent (IC50 = 10 nM) and highly specific inhibitor of NaV1.7 channels, with a selectivity of \u0026gt;100-fold over hNaV1.3−hNaV1.6 and hNaV1.8, 45-fold over hNaV1.1, and 24-fold over hNaV1.21.Tsp1a is a gating modifier toxin that inhibits hNaV1.7 by stabilizing the channel in its inactivated state, inducing a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of channel inactivation and slowing recovery from fast inactivation1.Spider peptides modulate an array of ion channels and receptor proteins. Knottins, which are a subtype of spider peptides, are also referred to as inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) peptides. ICK peptides harbor a disulfide-rich structural motif that forms a \"knot\", which confers high structural, thermal, and proteolytic stability. NMR studies revealed that Tsp1a adopts a classical knottin fold, and like many knottin peptides, it is exceptionally stable in human serum1.NaV1.7 is expressed in the PNS, dorsal root ganglia neurons, visceral sensory neurons, olfactory sensory neurons, trigeminal ganglia, and sympathetic neurons. Gain-of-function mutations in SCN9A, the gene encoding NaV1.7, have been identified in patients with various pain disorders, such as inherited erythromelalgia (IEM), paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD), small fiber neuropathy (SFN), and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Nav 1.7 loss-of-function mutations lead to a congenital indifference to pain2,3. Tsp1a toxin was shown to reduce visceral hypersensitivity in a model of irritable bowel syndrome. This suggests that pharmacological inhibition of hNaV1.7 at peripheral sensory nerve endings might be a viable approach for eliciting analgesia in patients suffering from chronic visceral pain1.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing high-specificity ligands, toxins, and engineered peptides to dissect closely related receptor\/channel subtypes and signaling microdomains.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePairing labeled (e.g., fluorescent) proteins\/peptides with advanced imaging to map surface expression, trafficking, and nanoscale organization.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncreasing emphasis on reproducibility through standardized characterization (identity, purity, and lot QC) and transparent reporting of reagent attributes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eElectrophysiology: commonly used to compare signal, binding, or functional readouts across conditions without implying a specific protocol.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these use cases, changes in signal or functional readout are generally interpreted as evidence of differences in target abundance, accessibility, or engagement, but alternative explanations (matrix effects, off-target interactions, or assay artifacts) should be considered.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay context matters: binding assays, functional modulation, and detection workflows can yield different readouts even for the same target system.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTarget complexity: closely related family members, splice variants, and post-translational modifications can influence apparent specificity and potency.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatrix and sample effects: buffer composition, detergents, and biological matrices may alter stability or apparent activity; interpret with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include negative controls and orthogonal validation (e.g., genetic perturbation or alternative reagents) to support robust interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/ - NCBI Gene — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/ - NCBI Protein — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/protein\/ - PubChem — NIH\/NLM\/NCBI — https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/ - IUPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — IUPHAR\/BPS — https:\/\/www.guidetopharmacology.org\/ - RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/ - NCBI Bookshelf — NIH\/NLM — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/ --\u003e","brand":"Alomone Labs","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53073022058861,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/STT-500-u-TRTX-Tsp1a-150nM-on-Nav1.7-in-oocytes_37.jpg?v=1772699898","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/mu-trtx-tsp1a-bhp21300303","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}