{"product_id":"pd1-pdcd1-bhn20152505","title":"PD1 (PDCD1)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis GenCefe mRNA encodes \u003cstrong\u003ePD1 (PDCD1)\u003c\/strong\u003e, a membrane protein, immune checkpoints construct supplied for antibody validation and cell-based binding assays. The product is formulated as lyophilised, non-encapsulated RNA and is intended for use in cell-based research applications requiring transient protein expression with reduced immunogenicity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003emRNA Construct Design\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e5′ Cap:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cap1 (m7GpppNm) — co-transcriptionally added during in vitro transcription (IVT). Cap1 includes 2′-O-methylation at the first transcribed nucleotide, closely mimicking the cap structure found on endogenous mammalian mRNA and reducing recognition by innate immune sensors (e.g., IFIT1\/IFIT3).\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eModified Nucleotides:\u003c\/strong\u003e 100% N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ; N1-Me-Pseudo UTP) substitution for all uridine residues. m1Ψ modification reduces TLR7\/TLR8-mediated innate immune activation and PKR-driven translational suppression, resulting in improved protein expression in immunocompetent cells and primary cell types.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePoly(A) Tail:\u003c\/strong\u003e 100–120 nt — enzymatically polyadenylated. The poly(A) tail stabilises the 3′ terminus, supports poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) recruitment, and enhances ribosome recycling for efficient cap-dependent translation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e5′ UTR:\u003c\/strong\u003e hHBA1 (hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 5′ UTR) — a well-characterised human UTR that supports efficient cap-dependent translation initiation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e3′ UTR:\u003c\/strong\u003e hHBA1 (hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 3′ UTR) — provides post-transcriptional stability and modulates mRNA decay kinetics.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSignal Peptide:\u003c\/strong\u003e No\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eProtein Tag:\u003c\/strong\u003e No\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCodon Optimisation:\u003c\/strong\u003e No (native human codon usage retained)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003emRNA Length:\u003c\/strong\u003e Provided upon order placement.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilised powder; reconstitute in DEPC-treated water as needed.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis mRNA is supplied as non-encapsulated, lyophilised powder. Delivery vehicle selection (LNP, electroporation, lipofection) is at the discretion of the end user and should be optimised for the target cell type and application.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBiological Background\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImmune checkpoint molecules are co-inhibitory or co-stimulatory receptors that regulate the magnitude and duration of immune responses. Checkpoint blockade — inhibiting pathways such as PD-1\/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 — has transformed clinical oncology. mRNA-based expression of checkpoint proteins on cell surfaces provides a physiologically relevant model for antibody binding studies, receptor-ligand blocking assays, and mechanistic validation of checkpoint inhibitor candidates. Because the protein is expressed from endogenous translational machinery, the surface presentation better mimics native post-translational modifications compared to ectodomain recombinant proteins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResearch Relevance and Current Trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eCheckpoint blockade mechanism studies: PD-1, PD-L1, and TIGIT mRNA expression enables cell-based co-culture assays to study how checkpoint inhibitory antibodies restore T-cell effector function.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBinding affinity characterisation: mRNA-expressed native checkpoint proteins on cell surfaces are used in flow-based antibody kinetic binding assays that are difficult to replicate with ectodomain fusion proteins.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eCombinatorial checkpoint immunotherapy: mRNA co-expression of multiple checkpoint ligands models the complex immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment for multi-target blockade studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon Research Applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eCheckpoint blockade functional assays — co-culture of mRNA-expressed PD-L1 or TIGIT cells with primary T cells to measure blockade-mediated restoration of T-cell function.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eAntibody binding and blocking studies — flow cytometry-based competitive binding and blocking assays using checkpoint protein-expressing target cells.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eMechanistic studies in exhaustion models — transient checkpoint expression in activation-suppression co-culture systems to model T-cell exhaustion and reinvigoration.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNotes for Experimental Interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePD-L1 mRNA expression may be influenced by endogenous IFN-γ signalling in some cell lines; confirm that expression is driven primarily by transfected mRNA rather than endogenous upregulation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eCheckpoint protein binding assays require careful antibody selection; some therapeutic antibody clones target specific epitopes that may be partially occluded in the mRNA-expressed cell surface context.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eTIGIT–PVR interaction studies benefit from expressing both receptor and ligand in the co-culture system; ensure surface expression of both partners is confirmed before running blocking assays.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"GenCefe Biotech","offers":[{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53239634067821,"sku":"IR0060002","price":279.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53239647666541,"sku":"IR0060010","price":339.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"200 ug","offer_id":53239647699309,"sku":"IR0060020","price":399.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"500 ug","offer_id":53239647732077,"sku":"IR0060050","price":459.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53239647764845,"sku":"IR0060100","price":549.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 mg","offer_id":53239647797613,"sku":"IR0060500","price":1799.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/mRNA_5191e74a-8837-4337-b2c4-0a9f37237da8.png?v=1776677729","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/pd1-pdcd1-bhn20152505","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}