{"product_id":"recombinant-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-group-m-subtype-c-protein-tat-tat-bhp10516169","title":"Recombinant Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype C Protein Tat (tat)","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecombinant Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype C Protein Tat (tat) is a recombinant protein preparation derived from Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype C (isolate 92BR025) (HIV-1). It is commonly used as a defined reagent for assay development, binding studies, and analytical controls where consistent protein specifications are required.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpressed region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 1-101aa.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e E.coli (may influence folding and post-translational modifications).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTag\/format:\u003c\/strong\u003e C-terminal 6xHis-tagged; Liquid or Lyophilized powder.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpected size:\u003c\/strong\u003e 18.4 kDa (as provided).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Greater than 85% as determined by SDS-PAGE.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegion choice, expression system, and tag\/format can influence folding, post-translational modifications, and interaction behavior in downstream assays.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTranscriptional activator that increases RNA Pol II processivity, thereby increasing the level of full-length viral transcripts. Recognizes a hairpin structure at the 5'-LTR of the nascent viral mRNAs referred to as the transactivation responsive RNA element (TAR) and recruits the cyclin T1-CDK9 complex (P-TEFb complex) that will in turn hyperphosphorylate the RNA polymerase II to allow efficient elongation. The CDK9 component of P-TEFb and other Tat-activated kinases hyperphosphorylate the C-terminus of RNA Pol II that becomes stabilized and much more processive. Other factors such as HTATSF1\/Tat-SF1, SUPT5H\/SPT5, and HTATIP2 are also important for Tat's function. Besides its effect on RNA Pol II processivity, Tat induces chromatin remodeling of proviral genes by recruiting the histone acetyltransferases (HATs) CREBBP, EP300 and PCAF to the chromatin. This also contributes to the increase in proviral transcription rate, especially when the provirus integrates in transcriptionally silent region of the host genome. To ensure maximal activation of the LTR, Tat mediates nuclear translocation of NF-kappa-B by interacting with host RELA. Through its interaction with host TBP, Tat may also modulate transcription initiation. Tat can reactivate a latently infected cell by penetrating in it and transactivating its LTR promoter. In the cytoplasm, Tat is thought to act as a translational activator of HIV-1 mRNAs\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAntigen design and domain selection to better capture neutralizing versus non-neutralizing antibody responses.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHigh-throughput serology and antibody screening using standardized antigens and plate-based formats.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIntegrating binding kinetics with epitope mapping to support variant-aware immunology studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoat plates with tat antigen for ELISA antibody titration (serum\/plasma).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScreen anti-tat antibodies by indirect ELISA and immunoblot readouts.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMap antigenic epitopes using tat fragments\/domains (in vitro binding assays).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDevelop antigen-capture assays using tat as a standard (spike-in controls).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterpret results in the context of the biological system, assay format, and any known domain\/isoform constraints for the target.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAntigenic proteins may contain immunodominant regions; domain choice can affect assay readouts and cross-reactivity.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInclude relevant negative controls (e.g., unrelated antigens) and dilution series to support interpretation of binding signals.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry (O12161) — UniProt: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/O12161 - NCBI Gene search (tat) — NCBI: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=tat - PubMed search — NLM: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=tat - Reactome pathway browser — Reactome: https:\/\/reactome.org\/ - InterPro protein family resource — EMBL-EBI: https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/interpro\/ --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53059309502829,"sku":"CSB-EP515530HXB-1MG","price":2062.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53059462660461,"sku":"CSB-EP515530HXB-100UG","price":480.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53059462693229,"sku":"CSB-EP515530HXB-20UG","price":256.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-EP515530HXB-SDS.jpg?v=1772280393","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/recombinant-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-group-m-subtype-c-protein-tat-tat-bhp10516169","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}