{"product_id":"recombinant-human-transforming-growth-factor-beta-1-proprotein-tgfb1-c33s-biotinylated-bhp10515191","title":"Recombinant Human Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (TGFB1) (C33S), Biotinylated","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecombinant Human Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (TGFB1) (C33S), Biotinylated is a recombinant protein preparation derived from Homo sapiens (Human). It is commonly used as a defined reagent for assay development, binding studies, and analytical controls where consistent protein specifications are required.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpressed region:\u003c\/strong\u003e 30-390aa(C33S).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpression system:\u003c\/strong\u003e Mammalian cell (may influence folding and post-translational modifications).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTag\/format:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-terminal 10xHis-Avi-tagged; Liquid or Lyophilized powder.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExpected size:\u003c\/strong\u003e 46.1 kDa (as provided).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegion choice, expression system, and tag\/format can influence folding, post-translational modifications, and interaction behavior in downstream assays.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein: Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-1, respectively. ; [Latency-associated peptide]: Required to maintain the Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chain in a latent state during storage in extracellular matrix. Associates non-covalently with TGF-beta-1 and regulates its activation via interaction with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32\/GARP and LRRC33\/NRROS, that control activation of TGF-beta-1. Interaction with LRRC33\/NRROS regulates activation of TGF-beta-1 in macrophages and microglia (Probable). Interaction with LRRC32\/GARP controls activation of TGF-beta-1 on the surface of activated regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Interaction with integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8) results in distortion of the Latency-associated peptide chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1. ; [Transforming growth factor beta-1]: Multifunctional protein that regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types and is involved in various processes, such as normal development, immune function, microglia function and responses to neurodegeneration. Activation into mature form follows different steps: following cleavage of the proprotein in the Golgi apparatus, Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains remain non-covalently linked rendering TGF-beta-1 inactive during storage in extracellular matrix. At the same time, LAP chain interacts with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32\/GARP and LRRC33\/NRROS that control activation of TGF-beta-1 and maintain it in a latent state during storage in extracellular milieus. TGF-beta-1 is released from LAP by integrins (ITGAV:ITGB6 or ITGAV:ITGB8): integrin-binding to LAP stabilizes an alternative conformation of the LAP bowtie tail and results in distortion of the LAP chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1. Once activated following release of LAP, TGF-beta-1 acts by binding to TGF-beta receptors (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2), which transduce signal. While expressed by many cells types, TGF-beta-1 only has a very localized range of action within cell environment thanks to fine regulation of its activation by Latency-associated peptide chain (LAP) and 'milieu molecules'. Plays an important role in bone remodeling: acts as a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts. Can promote either T-helper 17 cells (Th17) or regulatory T-cells (Treg) lineage differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. At high concentrations, leads to FOXP3-mediated suppression of RORC and down-regulation of IL-17 expression, favoring Treg cell development. At low concentrations in concert with IL-6 and IL-21, leads to expression of the IL-17 and IL-23 receptors, favoring differentiation to Th17 cells. Stimulates sustained production of collagen through the activation of CREB3L1 by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Mediates SMAD2\/3 activation by inducing its phosphorylation and subsequent translocation to the nucleus. Can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in various cell types.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDomain- and isoform-aware assay design to improve biological interpretation across model systems.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuantitative workflows emphasizing calibration standards, spike-in controls, and cross-lot comparability.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn vitro binding\/kinetics profiling (SPR\/BLI) to connect biochemical interactions with cellular phenotypes.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStimulate cultured cells with TGFB1 (dose–response + time-course) and collect lysates.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeasure downstream markers after TGFB1 treatment (WB\/qPCR\/ELISA readouts).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuantify TGFB1 using standard curves in plate-based assays (assay development).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRun receptor binding kinetics for TGFB1 by SPR\/BLI (in vitro profiling).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterpret results in the context of the biological system, assay format, and any known domain\/isoform constraints for the target.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsider species- and isoform-specific differences when comparing results across models or homologs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFor quantitative assays, include appropriate negative controls and matrix-matched spike-in concepts to assess non-specific signal.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProtKB entry (P01137) — UniProt: https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/uniprotkb\/P01137 - NCBI Gene search (TGFB1) — NCBI: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/?term=TGFB1 - PubMed search — NLM: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=TGFB1 - Reactome pathway browser — Reactome: https:\/\/reactome.org\/ - InterPro protein family resource — EMBL-EBI: https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/interpro\/ --\u003e","brand":"CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC","offers":[{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53059281289581,"sku":"CSB-MP023446HU(A4)(M)-B-1MG","price":3802.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"100 ug","offer_id":53059410690413,"sku":"CSB-MP023446HU(A4)(M)-B-100UG","price":538.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53059410723181,"sku":"CSB-MP023446HU(A4)(M)-B-20UG","price":308.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/CSB-MP023446HU_A4_M_-B-SDS.jpg?v=1772280314","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/recombinant-human-transforming-growth-factor-beta-1-proprotein-tgfb1-c33s-biotinylated-bhp10515191","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}