{"product_id":"recombinant-mouse-tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha-bhp11000793","title":"Recombinant Mouse Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecombinant Mouse Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha\u003c\/strong\u003e is supplied as a recombinant protein for in vitro research use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBackground\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTumor necrosis factor is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that all stimulate the acute phase reaction. TNF is mainly secreted by macrophages. TNF causes apoptotic cell death, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis and viral replication, TNF is also involved in lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells. Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases- autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and cell survival. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, but can also be secreted by other immune cells, such as T cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells. TNF-α is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including the defense against infections, the development of autoimmune diseases, and the progression of cancer. TNF-α exerts its effects by binding to two distinct cell surface receptors, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Upon binding to its receptors, TNF-α activates multiple signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and the apoptotic pathway. These signaling pathways regulate various cellular processes, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the context of infections, TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against pathogens. It promotes the recruitment and activation of immune cells, enhances the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, and stimulates the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, facilitating the migration of immune cells to the site of infection. TNF-α also helps to induce fever, which is an important component of the body's immune response to infections. However, excessive or prolonged production of TNF-α can contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. In these conditions, elevated levels of TNF-α promote the infiltration of immune cells into the affected tissues, leading to tissue damage and the perpetuation of inflammation. The central role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of these diseases has led to the development of anti-TNF-α therapies, which have revolutionized the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. These therapies include monoclonal antibodies, such as infliximab and adalimumab, and soluble TNF receptor fusion proteins, such as etanercept. Anti-TNF-α therapies have been shown to be effective in reducing inflammation, improving symptoms, and slowing disease progression in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. In the context of cancer, TNF-α has complex and context-dependent effects on tumor development and progression. On one hand, TNF-α can promote anti-tumor immunity by activating immune cells and stimulating the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, chronic inflammation driven by TNF-α can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therefore, the role of TNF-α in cancer is still an area of active research, and the development of TNF-α-targeted therapies for cancer remains a challenge. In conclusion, TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and cell survival. Its involvement in various physiological and pathological processes has made it an important target for the development of therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Anti-TNF-α therapies have revolutionized the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, but the complex role of TNF-α in cancer remains an area of ongoing research. Understanding the precise mechanisms by which TNF-α contributes to disease pathogenesis will be crucial for the development of more effective and targeted therapies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProduct format\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvided as a recombinant protein suitable for in vitro workflows such as binding studies, screening, and assay development. Refer to the specifications table for expression format and molecular properties.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eQuality notes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtein quantitation was carried out by two independent methods1. UV spectroscopy at 280 nm using the absorbency value of 1.24 as the extinction coefficient for a 0.1% (1mg\/ml) solution. This value is calculated by the PC GENE computer analysis program of protein sequences (IntelliGenetics).\u003cbr\u003e2. Analysis by RP-HPLC, using a calibrated solution of TNF-a as a Reference Standard.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ProSpec-Tany TechnoGene Ltd","offers":[{"title":"5 ug","offer_id":53038062829933,"sku":"cyt-252-5UG","price":60.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"20 ug","offer_id":53038307508589,"sku":"cyt-252-20UG","price":145.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"1 mg","offer_id":53038307541357,"sku":"cyt-252-1MG","price":2700.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/Prospecbio-tnf-alpha-mouse-CYT-252.png?v=1782158153","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/recombinant-mouse-tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha-bhp11000793","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}