{"product_id":"vm24-toxin-bhp21300306","title":"Vm24 Toxin","description":"\u003ch2\u003eOverview\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVm24 Toxin\u003c\/strong\u003e is a research-grade protein\/peptide reagent used in research settings. It is commonly applied as a tool reagent related to \u003cstrong\u003eKv1.3 channels\u003c\/strong\u003e biology and\/or assay development. It is supplied in Lyophilized format to support flexible downstream use in RUO workflows. Researchers commonly pair it with applications such as Electrophysiology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKey elements and design rationale\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMolecular identity:\u003c\/strong\u003e CAS: 1373890-79-9, MW: 3863.6 Da, Formula: C157H253N51O45S9.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSource \/ origin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vaejovis mexicanus smithi (Mexican scorpion) (Vaejovis smithi).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eQuality attributes:\u003c\/strong\u003e Purity: ≥98% (HPLC); Bioassay tested: Yes; Sterile \/ endotoxin-free: No.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch3\u003eModifications\u003c\/h3\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisulfide bonds between: Cys6-Cys26, Cys12-Cys31, Cys16-Cys33, Cys21-Cys36 Cys36- C-terminal amidation\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen used as a biochemical or pharmacological tool, results are best interpreted relative to the experimental system (species, expression level, and assay readout) and with appropriate negative and competition-style controls where relevant. This product is intended for research use only.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiological background\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Vm24 toxin, also known as Vaejovis mexicanus peptide 24, is a potent blocker of Kv1.3 in human lymphocytes. Isolated from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Vaejovis mexicanus smithi, Vm24 is a 36-residue peptide with a molecular mass of 3864 Da, and has been identified as the first example of a new subfamily of α-type K(+) ion channel blockers (α-KTx 23.1)1.Vm24, a natural immunosuppressive peptide, potently and selectively blocks Kv1.3 in human T cells with high affinity. The blockage of Kv1.3 channels in T cells is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus2.The voltage-gated potassium channel known as Kv1.3 (KCNA3) is expressed by a subset of chronically activated memory T cells and plays an important role in their activation and proliferation, especially in primary malignant T cells. The potent Kv1.3 inhibitor Vm24 inhibits CD3\/CD28-induced proliferation and IL-9 expression, thus inhibiting activation-induced proliferation as well as cytokine and cytokine receptor expression in malignant T cells3.Due to its high specificity, the Vm24 toxin enables to define the downstream functions of Kv1.3 channels in human CD4+ TEM lymphocytes. Blocking Kv1.3 channels profoundly affects the mRNA synthesis machinery, the unfolded protein response and intracellular vesicle transport, impairing the synthesis and secretion of cytokines in response to TCR engagement. This underscores the role of Kv1.3 channels in regulating TEM lymphocyte function4.KV1.3 blockers change the course of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) development, reducing microglial cytotoxic activation and increasing neural stem cell differentiation. KV1.3 blockers inhibit microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in cell cultures, reducing the expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α via the NF-kB and p38MAPK pathway. Microglia activation correlates with an increase in KV1.3 channel expression and current density. Several studies highlight the importance of KV1.3 in the activation of the inflammatory response and the inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Thus, KV1.3 blockers such as Vm24 possess potential therapeutic benefits for patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch relevance and current trends\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eUsing high-specificity ligands, toxins, and engineered peptides to dissect closely related receptor\/channel subtypes and signaling microdomains.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePairing labeled (e.g., fluorescent) proteins\/peptides with advanced imaging to map surface expression, trafficking, and nanoscale organization.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncreasing emphasis on reproducibility through standardized characterization (identity, purity, and lot QC) and transparent reporting of reagent attributes.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCommon research applications\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eElectrophysiology: commonly used to compare signal, binding, or functional readouts across conditions without implying a specific protocol.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross these use cases, changes in signal or functional readout are generally interpreted as evidence of differences in target abundance, accessibility, or engagement, but alternative explanations (matrix effects, off-target interactions, or assay artifacts) should be considered.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNotes for experimental interpretation\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAssay context matters: binding assays, functional modulation, and detection workflows can yield different readouts even for the same target system.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTarget complexity: closely related family members, splice variants, and post-translational modifications can influence apparent specificity and potency.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatrix and sample effects: buffer composition, detergents, and biological matrices may alter stability or apparent activity; interpret with appropriate controls.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eControl concepts: include negative controls and orthogonal validation (e.g., genetic perturbation or alternative reagents) to support robust interpretation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c!-- Sources (internal): - UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) — UniProt Consortium — https:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/ - NCBI Gene — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/ - NCBI Protein — National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/protein\/ - PubChem — NIH\/NLM\/NCBI — https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/ - IUPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — IUPHAR\/BPS — https:\/\/www.guidetopharmacology.org\/ - RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) — RCSB PDB — https:\/\/www.rcsb.org\/ - NCBI Bookshelf — NIH\/NLM — https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/ --\u003e","brand":"Alomone Labs","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53073024581997,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0949\/7424\/7277\/files\/STV-055-Vm24-amidated-10pM-on-Kv1.3-in-oocytes_805.jpg?v=1772699898","url":"https:\/\/www.ebiohippo.com\/products\/vm24-toxin-bhp21300306","provider":"BioHippo","version":"1.0","type":"link"}