| Field | Specification |
|---|---|
| Form | Liquid |
| Function | |
| Plasmid Backbone | |
| Product Type | |
| Production System | |
| Promoter | |
| Reporter | |
| Storage |
Overview
Ad-sigma is a replication-defective recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) expressing the sigma gene with a HA epitope tag under the CMV promoter. The vector backbone has E1 and E3 deleted, rendering it non-replicative and accommodating the transgene cassette.
Key elements and design rationale
- Backbone: Human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) with E1 and E3 deleted (dE1/E3). Replication-incompetent in standard cells; replication-competent helper cells (HEK293) are required for amplification.
- Promoter (CMV): a strong, ubiquitous promoter active in most mammalian cell types.
- Transgene: sigma (HA tag).
- Titer & format: 1×1010 PFU/ml in storage buffer (DMEM, 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol or equivalent), supplied as a 200 µL aliquot.
Biological background
14-3-3sigma is a member of the multifunctional 14-3-3 protein family that includes beta, epsilon, gamma, eta, tau, and zeta. They recognize consensus motifs containing Arg-Ser-X-phosphoSer-X-Pro or its derivatives, and are able to bind proteins with phosphorylated serine or threonine. Through interactions with other proteins, 14-3-3 proteins is involved in controlling a wide range of regulatory processes, such as mitogenic signal transduction, apoptotic cell death, and cell cycle control. They can function as allosteric cofactors to alter the catalytic activity or conformational state of target proteins, such as PKC, ExoS ADP-ribosyltransferase, and tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases. They may also act as steric regulators to prevent their protein ligands from interacting with other cellular components, hence, influence intracellular localization or complex formation. Dimeric 14-3-3 can bind two target proteins simultaneously to operate as a scaffold protein to induce protein-protein interactions. 14-3-3sigma functions as a p53-regulated inhibitor of G2/M progression and plays a key role in maintaining G2-arrest upon DNA damage in certain cancer cells, such as the colorectal cells. They are primarily found in the cytoplasm and may be required to sequester mitotic activators cyclin B1 and cdc2 in cytoplasm. Overexpression of 14-3-3sigma can induce G2 arrest and deletion of 14-3-3sigma can lead to mitotic catastrophe upon DNA damage.
This adenovirus contain Ad-σ.
Reference: Hermeking H., et al., Mol Cell. 1997 Dec;1(1):3-11.
Research relevance and current trends
- Decision-relevant for researchers studying Sigma.
- Adenovirus-mediated delivery is well-established in primary cells, organoids, and small-animal models.
Common research applications
- Pathway activation studies in cell lines and primary cells.
- Gain-of-function phenotyping in disease-relevant cell models.
- Rescue experiments paired with shRNA knockdown of the same target.
Notes for experimental interpretation
- Adenoviral delivery is episomal and non-integrating; expression dilutes with cell division and typically lasts 1–2 weeks in dividing cells (longer in non-dividing cells such as hepatocytes, neurons, and cardiomyocytes).
- Pre-existing anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibodies are common in human and primate hosts and can reduce in vivo transduction; this is less relevant in inbred laboratory mouse strains.
- MOI optimization is essential — over-dosing can cause cytopathic effects; under-dosing yields incomplete transduction. A 3–5× MOI titration in your specific cell or animal model is recommended.
- Replication-defective Ad5 vectors are typically handled at BSL-2; consult your institutional biosafety officer for specific transgenes and routes of use.
The Adenovirus Genome
The adenovirus genome is a linear double-stranded DNA molecule of 26–46 kb that encodes 23–46 proteins (Figure 1). These genes are split into two functional categories:
- Early genes (E1–E4): encode proteins involved in viral transcription, viral DNA replication, and suppression of the host immune response.
- Late genes (L1–L5): encode viral capsid components and proteins required for capsid assembly.
These genes are flanked by inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) that initiate viral DNA replication and serve as binding sites for transcription factors.
Adenovirus Capsid and Serotypes
The adenovirus capsid is a non-enveloped icosahedral protein shell of approximately 70–90 nm in diameter, built from three major capsid proteins — hexon, penton base, and fiber — together with the minor proteins IIIa, VI, VIII, and IX (Figure 5). The 240 hexon trimers form the 20 triangular facets of the icosahedron, while 12 penton complexes occupy each vertex; each penton consists of a penton base anchored in the capsid and a trimeric fiber projecting outward. The fiber knob mediates initial attachment to host cell receptors, and the penton base then engages cellular integrins to drive internalization.
More than 50 human adenovirus serotypes have been characterized and are organized into seven species (A–G) based on hemagglutination, sequence homology, and receptor usage. Serotype determines tropism and primary receptor:
- Species C (e.g., Ad2, Ad5): bind the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR); broad tropism with strong transduction of liver and many epithelial cell types. Ad5 is the most widely used backbone in research and gene-delivery applications.
- Species B (e.g., Ad3, Ad11, Ad35): use CD46 as the primary receptor, giving access to cell types that express low levels of CAR.
- Species D: several members use sialic acid; some serotypes are associated with ocular tropism.
The replication-defective recombinant adenoviruses used as research vectors are typically derived from Ad5, with E1 (and often E3) deleted to render the virus non-replicative and to create space for transgene insertion.
What is this product?
Ad-sigma is a replication-defective recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) expressing sigma under the CMV promoter. The vector backbone has E1 and E3 deleted, rendering it non-replicative and accommodating the transgene cassette.
How should I store and handle the virus?
Stocks are supplied at 1×1010 PFU/ml in storage buffer (typically 10 mM Tris pH 8.0, 2 mM MgCl2, 4% sucrose or similar). Store at −80 °C upon receipt, and aliquot before first use to minimize freeze-thaw cycles — recombinant adenovirus loses ~10–20% of infectious titer per freeze-thaw and should be limited to ≤3 cycles for quantitative work. Thaw on ice and dilute into pre-warmed culture medium immediately before infection.
Biosafety: Replication-defective Ad5 vectors are typically handled at BSL-2; consult your institutional biosafety officer for the specific transgene and route of use.
What MOI should I start with?
Optimal MOI varies by cell type, but useful starting ranges are:
- Most cell lines (HEK293, HeLa, U2OS, HepG2, etc.): MOI 10–100
- Primary cells (hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts): MOI 50–500
- Resistant or low-CAR cells (some lymphocytes, hematopoietic): MOI 500–2000 (may give limited transduction; consider Ad5/35 fiber modification if available)
Worked example. To infect 1×106 cells at MOI 100 from a 1×1010 PFU/ml stock: PFU needed = 100 × 106 = 1×108 PFU; volume needed = 10 µl of stock. Always run a 3–5× MOI titration in your specific cell model to identify the dose that gives near-100% transduction without cytopathic effect.
When can I expect expression / activity?
Transgene expression is typically detectable within 24 hours post-infection, peaks at 48–72 hours, and remains elevated for 1–2 weeks in dividing cells (the episomal Ad genome dilutes with cell division). In non-dividing cells (hepatocytes, neurons, cardiomyocytes), expression can persist for several weeks. Plan endpoint assays around the 48–72 hour window for peak expression.
What controls should I run?
For over-expression experiments, include:
- Ad-CMV-Null or Ad-Blank — capsid/dose control without transgene.
- Ad-CMV-GFP or Ad-CMV-LacZ at matched MOI — transduction-load control to match for the burden of expressing a transgene.
- Untransduced cells — baseline target gene/protein expression.
Confirm transgene expression by Western blot or immunofluorescence at the same time point as your endpoint assay.
Can't find the adenovirus you need—or require a custom design and packaging service? We offer end-to-end adenoviral support for diverse research needs, including vector design and cloning, adenovirus construction for over-expression (from your plasmid, sequence, or RefSeq#), shRNA-silencing adenoviruses (from a working shRNA or via shRNA screening when you only have the target gene), and gRNA adenoviruses (from a gRNA cassette or sequence). Custom plasmid construction typically takes ~2 weeks, with viral packaging, purification, and QC adding another 2–4 weeks. Final stocks are CsCl-purified and PFU-titered, with deliverables of approximately 1×1012 viral particles (1×1010–1×1011 PFU). We also provide amplification and CsCl purification services at medium scale (~1×1010–5×1010 PFU/IFU in 2 mL, ~2 weeks; ideal for in vitro studies) and large scale (5×1012–1×1013 viral particles / 1–3×1011 PFU, ~2–3 weeks; ideal for in vivo studies) — including amplification of customer-supplied viral stocks. Click Talk to a Scientist to submit a request, email us at support@biohippo.com, or explore our Research Services for additional support. Our team will be in contact with you shortly.
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