Anti-CD28 antibody [CD28.2] (STJA0002113)

What it means: Clonality describes how an antibody is produced and how many distinct epitopes it recognizes on the target antigen. A Monoclonal antibody is generated from a single B-cell clone, so it binds one precisely defined epitope on the antigen.

Why it matters:

• Monoclonal antibodies deliver excellent lot-to-lot consistency and a defined, reproducible epitope specificity.
• Single-epitope binding gives low background and suits quantitative and multiplexed assays.
• Clonality directly influences assay selection, expected background, reproducibility, and how cross-reactivity should be interpreted in your experiment.

How to interpret here: Because this product is supplied as a Monoclonal antibody, expect precise, epitope-specific detection that is ideal for comparative, quantitative, and reproducibility-critical experiments.

Tip: Confirm the validated applications and recommended dilutions, and titrate the antibody in your own system for the best signal-to-noise ratio.

What it means: Host species is the animal in which the antibody was raised. The immune system of the host generates the antibody against the target antigen. This antibody was produced in Mouse.

Why it matters:

• The Mouse host determines which secondary antibody is required for detection — the secondary reagent must be an anti-Mouse conjugate.
• In multiplex or co-staining experiments, the Mouse host must differ from the host of every other primary antibody to prevent secondary cross-reactivity.
• The host species also influences potential background when staining tissue or cells of the same species, which may require additional blocking.

How to interpret here: Because the host is Mouse, pair this antibody with an anti-Mouse secondary conjugate matched to your detection method, and plan panel design so no two primaries share the Mouse host.

Tip: Keep a record of the host species when designing multi-colour panels to avoid avoidable cross-reactivity artefacts.

What it means: Reactivity lists the species (or antigens) whose target this antibody is documented to detect, based on the supplier's validation data. Documented reactivity here is Human.

Why it matters:

• Reactivity confirms whether this antibody is suitable for your experimental model (Human).
• Species or antigens not listed have not been validated by the supplier and should not be assumed to react without independent confirmation.
• Reactivity often tracks with the sequence conservation of the immunogen region across species.

How to interpret here: You can use this antibody with confidence for the listed reactivity (Human); for any species or antigen that is not listed, run an appropriate positive control to verify epitope conservation before relying on the result.

Tip: Compare the immunogen sequence with your species of interest when planning work outside the documented reactivity.

What it means: The conjugate is any detectable label, enzyme, or tag chemically attached to the antibody so that bound antibody can be visualized or quantified. This antibody is supplied Unconjugated.

Why it matters:

• An unconjugated antibody carries no label, so detection requires a separate labelled secondary antibody or an enzymatic detection system.
• The unconjugated format is the most flexible option — the same primary antibody can be reused across chromogenic, fluorescent, and chemiluminescent workflows.
• Signal amplification through a secondary reagent can substantially improve sensitivity for low-abundance targets.

How to interpret here: Because this antibody is supplied Unconjugated, plan your detection chain around a compatible labelled secondary antibody that matches your intended readout, and verify the secondary is raised against the correct host species.

Tip: Match the label or detection chemistry of this Unconjugated antibody to your imaging or assay platform before starting, and protect fluorescent conjugates from light.

What it means: Isotype is the immunoglobulin class and subclass of the antibody, determined by its heavy-chain constant region. This antibody has the isotype IgG1k.

Why it matters:

• The IgG1k isotype guides selection of an isotype-matched negative control, which is essential for distinguishing specific signal from non-specific binding.
• Isotype affects compatibility with purification chemistries such as Protein A and Protein G, and with isotype-specific secondary reagents.
• In flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, the IgG1k isotype control sets the threshold for true positive staining.

How to interpret here: Use an isotype-matched IgG1k control alongside this antibody so background can be measured and subtracted, giving a reliable estimate of specific signal in your assay.

Tip: Isotype controls are most critical in flow cytometry and IHC, where non-specific Fc binding can otherwise be mistaken for signal.

What it means: The clone designation identifies the specific hybridoma or recombinant cell line used to produce a monoclonal antibody, and therefore the exact antibody molecule you receive. This product is clone CD28.2.

Why it matters:

• Clone CD28.2 ensures the antibody recognizes a single, consistent, defined epitope across every production lot, which underpins reproducible results.
• Citing the clone identifier in publications and laboratory records supports experimental reproducibility and antibody-validation traceability.
• A fixed clone removes the lot-to-lot epitope variation that can occur with polyclonal antibody preparations.

How to interpret here: Reference clone CD28.2 in your methods section and inventory records so the exact antibody can be identified, re-ordered, and reproduced by other researchers working on the same target.

Tip: Record the clone ID together with the lot number for full experimental traceability and easier troubleshooting.

What it means: This field lists the laboratory techniques for which the antibody has documented, supplier-validated use. The validated applications here are Flow Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry, Immunoprecipitation.

Why it matters:

• Each validated application (Flow Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry, Immunoprecipitation) has its own optimal antibody dilution, sample preparation, and control requirements.
• Validation in a given application means the supplier has confirmed specific detection under those experimental conditions.
• Using the antibody outside the validated applications (Flow Cytometry, Immunohistochemistry, Immunoprecipitation) requires independent optimization and additional controls.

How to interpret here: Select this antibody when your workflow uses one of the listed applications, and follow the recommended dilution provided for each technique.

Tip: Always titrate the antibody in your own samples — optimal dilution can vary with tissue, fixation, and detection system.