| Field | Specification |
|---|---|
| Mfr No | |
| Clonality | |
| Host | |
| Immunogen | Human protein was used as the immunogen for this C4d antibody. |
| Isotype | |
| Product Type | |
| Purity | |
| Reactivity | |
| Storage | |
| Target |
Overview
C4d Antibody Complement 4d is a research-use primary antibody intended for detection of C4D in experimental workflows. It is supplied in Purified format. Key antibody attributes include Mouse, Monoclonal (mouse origin), clone CPT4d-1, isotype Mouse IgG1, kappa. Applications listed for this product include IHC-P. Reported/annotated localization context: Intracytoplasmic vacuoles of endothelial cells, Secreted. Species reactivity (as provided): Human.
Key elements and design rationale
- Target: C4D (Complement 4d) — selectivity and interpretation should be considered in the context of isoforms, post-translational modifications, and related family members when applicable.
- Format: Purified — format can influence background, multiplexing compatibility, and downstream detection strategies.
- Antibody identity: Mouse, Monoclonal (mouse origin), clone CPT4d-1, isotype Mouse IgG1, kappa — these attributes help align secondary reagents and controls (e.g., isotype-matched controls) with your assay design.
- Localization: Intracytoplasmic vacuoles of endothelial cells, Secreted — expected subcellular distribution can guide band/structure interpretation and help flag off-target signal.
- Product notes (from provided description): This antibody is specific to Complement 4d (C4d) and it reacts with the secreted as well as cell-bound protein. C4d is a degradation product of the activated complement factor C4b. Complement 4b is typically activated by binding of antibodies to specific target molecules. Following activation and degradation of the C4 molecule, thio-ester groups are exposed, which allow transient, covalent binding of the degradation product C4d to endothelial cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components of vascular basement membranes near the sites of C4 activation. The presence of C4d in peritubular capillaries is a key indicator for acute humoral (i.e. antibody-mediated) rejection of kidney, heart, pancreas and lung allografts. As an established marker of antibody-mediated acute renal allograft rejection and its proclivity for endothelium, this component can be detected in peritubular capillaries in chronic renal allograft rejection as well as hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, acute cellular rejection, and borderline rejection. C4d has been shown to be a significant predictor of transplant kidney graft survival. C4d antibody, combined with antibody to C3d, can be utilized as a tool for diagnosis of allograft rejection that may warrant a prompt and aggressive anti-rejection treatment.
Where multiple assay formats are possible, align the antibody format, host/isotype, and listed applications with your detection system and controls to support clear interpretation of signal.
Biological background
In this catalog, C4D is positioned within Renal & Urology, Kidney disease, Renal disease research contexts. Localization annotations (e.g., Intracytoplasmic vacuoles of endothelial cells, Secreted) can help contextualize expected signal patterns in imaging and fractionation-based readouts. For authoritative gene/protein nomenclature, domains/isoforms, and curated functional annotations, consult resources such as UniProt, NCBI Gene, and Ensembl.
Research relevance and current trends
- Higher-plex and spatially resolved readouts (e.g., multiplex IF/IHC, spatial omics) are increasing demand for well-characterized primary antibodies with clearly stated host/isotype and labeling strategies.
- Genetic perturbation controls (knockout/knockdown) and orthogonal measurements (e.g., RNA vs protein) are commonly used to strengthen target attribution when interpreting antibody-derived signals.
- Reproducibility initiatives emphasize transparent reporting of antibody identity (clone, host, isotype) and experimental context to improve cross-study comparability.
Common research applications
- IHC-P: interpret changes in signal in the context of sample composition, epitope accessibility, and potential isoform/PTM differences across conditions.
- Typical workflow themes: IHC on FFPE tissue, ELISA binding assay, Specificity controls.
- Workflow notes: Detect 4D by IHC in FFPE tissue sections (optimize antigen retrieval + dilution), Measure binding to 4D peptide/protein by ELISA with dilution series (include blanks), Confirm specificity using KO/KD or peptide compet…
When comparing conditions, consistent sample processing and appropriate negative/positive controls support interpretation of qualitative localization differences and quantitative abundance changes.
Notes for experimental interpretation
- Isoforms and post-translational modifications may shift apparent molecular weight or epitope accessibility, especially across cell states or treatments.
- Species and tissue context can affect sequence conservation, expression level, and background binding; predicted reactivity should be verified in your sample.
- Control concepts include isotype-matched controls, secondary-only controls (for indirect detection), and genetic/orthogonal controls (e.g., KO/KD, independent antibodies, or RNA measurements) when feasible.
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can differ in epitope recognition breadth and lot-to-lot characteristics; consider clonality and clone information (when provided) alongside your assay requirements. Conjugated formats may simplify detection but can change background and multiplexing behavior compared with unconjugated primaries.
Customization & Add-ons: Can’t find the antibody you need—or require a custom format for your assay? We can help you source the best match or support custom antibody solutions for diverse research needs, including species and isotype selection, conjugations and labeling (e.g., HRP/AP, biotin, fluorophores), purification grade options (Protein A/G, affinity purified), formulation preferences (buffer selection, carrier-free, glycerol-free), custom concentrations and aliquoting, low-endotoxin options for cell-based work, and application-focused QC/validation support (project dependent). Click Talk to a Scientist to submit a request, email us at support@biohippo.com, or explore our Research Services for additional support—our team will follow up with feasibility details and next steps.
