| Field | Specification |
|---|---|
| Mfr No | |
| Activity | |
| Alternative Names | Micrurotoxin 1 |
| Concentration | |
| Conjugate | |
| Form | Lyophilized |
| Formulation | |
| Gene ID | |
| Molecular Weight | |
| Product Type | |
| Reconstitution | |
| Solubility | Centrifuge the vial before adding solvent (10,000 x g for 5 minutes) to spin down all the powder to the bottom of the vial. The lyophilized product may be difficult to visualize. Add solvent directly to the centrifuged vial. Tap the vial to aid in dissolving the lyophilized product. Tilt and gently roll the liquid over the walls of the vial. Avoid vigorous vortexing. Light vortexing for up to 3 seconds is acceptable if needed. The product is lyophilized in 0.5 ml conical vial. The product is soluble in pure water to high-micromolar concentrations (5 µM - 1 mM). For long-term storage in solution, we recommend preparing a stock solution by dissolving the product in double distilled water (ddH2O) at a concentration between 100-1000x of the final working concentration. Divide the stock solution into small aliquots and store at -20°C. Before use, thaw the relevant vial(s) and dilute to the desired working concentration in your working buffer. Centrifuge all product preparations before use. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions in working buffers just before use. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles to maintain biological activity. Avoid exposure to light. |
| Source | Modified synthetic peptide |
| Species | |
| Storage | |
| Target |
Overview
MmTx1 Toxin-ATTO Fluor-488 is a research-grade protein/peptide reagent used in research settings. It is commonly applied as a tool reagent related to GABA(A) receptors biology and/or assay development. The reagent is provided as a ATTO Fluor-488 conjugate, supporting detection or imaging workflows where applicable. It is supplied in Lyophilized format to support flexible downstream use in RUO workflows. Researchers commonly pair it with applications such as Electrophysiology, Live cell imaging, Immunofluorescence, Direct flow cytometry.
Key elements and design rationale
- Molecular identity: MW: ~7775 Da.
- Source / origin: Micrurus mipartitus (Red-tailed coral snake).
- Quality attributes: Bioassay tested: Yes; Sterile / endotoxin-free: No.
Modifications
Disulfide bonds between: Cys3-Cys24, Cys6-Cys11, Cys17-Cys41, Cys45-Cys57, Cys58-Cys63 ATTO Fluor-488
When used as a biochemical or pharmacological tool, results are best interpreted relative to the experimental system (species, expression level, and assay readout) and with appropriate negative and competition-style controls where relevant. This product is intended for research use only.
Biological background
MmTx1 (Micrurotoxin 1) is a peptide toxin originally isolated from Micrurus mipartitus (Red-tailed coral snake) venoM The toxin is an allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA(A)) and tightly binds to GABA(A) receptors at subnanomolar concentrations. MmTx1 allosterically increases GABA(A) receptor susceptibility to agonistic actions, thereby potentiating receptor opening and desensitization by interacting with the α+/β−interface, a benzodiazepine-like binding site1. MmTx1 may be a priceless tool in evoking seizures for testing novel antiepileptic drugs or as lead molecules for designing therapeutics that modulate GABA(A) receptor activity1.GABA(A) receptors belong to the cys-loop pentameric ligand-gated ion channel family. These receptors are major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain and in the mammalian central nervous system and are responsible for the mediation of GABA action, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, through the central nervous system2.
Research relevance and current trends
- Using high-specificity ligands, toxins, and engineered peptides to dissect closely related receptor/channel subtypes and signaling microdomains.
- Pairing labeled (e.g., fluorescent) proteins/peptides with advanced imaging to map surface expression, trafficking, and nanoscale organization.
- Increasing emphasis on reproducibility through standardized characterization (identity, purity, and lot QC) and transparent reporting of reagent attributes.
Common research applications
- Electrophysiology: commonly used to compare signal, binding, or functional readouts across conditions without implying a specific protocol.
- Live cell imaging: commonly used to compare signal, binding, or functional readouts across conditions without implying a specific protocol.
- Immunofluorescence: commonly used to compare signal, binding, or functional readouts across conditions without implying a specific protocol.
- Direct flow cytometry: commonly used to compare signal, binding, or functional readouts across conditions without implying a specific protocol.
Across these use cases, changes in signal or functional readout are generally interpreted as evidence of differences in target abundance, accessibility, or engagement, but alternative explanations (matrix effects, off-target interactions, or assay artifacts) should be considered.
Notes for experimental interpretation
- Assay context matters: binding assays, functional modulation, and detection workflows can yield different readouts even for the same target system.
- Target complexity: closely related family members, splice variants, and post-translational modifications can influence apparent specificity and potency.
- Matrix and sample effects: buffer composition, detergents, and biological matrices may alter stability or apparent activity; interpret with appropriate controls.
- Control concepts: include negative controls and orthogonal validation (e.g., genetic perturbation or alternative reagents) to support robust interpretation.
Can’t Find What You’re Looking For? We can help you source the best match or customize a recombinant protein solution for your study. Options may include species (human/mouse/rat), protein region/domain (full-length vs fragment), tag or label (His/GST/FLAG/biotin/fluorescent), expression system (E. coli/HEK293/insect), purity grade, formulation (buffer, carrier-free, glycerol-free), activity/functional validation (binding or enzymatic assays), endotoxin level (low-endotoxin for cell-based work), mutants/variants (point mutations, isoforms), and bulk or custom packaging. Click Talk to a Scientist to submit a request form, email us at support@biohippo.com, or explore our Research Services for additional support. Our team will be in contact with you shortly.
Rosso, J.P.
et al. (2015) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.112, E891.
Rosso, J.P.
et al. (2015) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.112, E891.
Middendorp, S.J.
et al. (2015) Neuropharmacology 95, 459.
