| Field | Specification |
|---|---|
| Alternative names | DPI |
| CAS no. | |
| Applications | |
| Molecular weight | |
| Molecular formula | C12H8ClI |
| Purity | |
| SMILES | |
| Form | Solid |
| Storage | |
| Shipping | |
| Catalog no. (Mfr.) | |
| Main SKU |
Compound Overview
Diphenyleneiodonium chloride, also known as DPI, is an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX) that also functions as a TRPA1 activator, with an EC50 of 1 to 3 μM. It selectively inhibits intracellular reactive oxygen species. It is supplied as a white to off-white solid (C12H8ClI, MW 314.55) at 99.88% purity.
Physical & Chemical Properties
| CAS Number | 4673-26-1 |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C12H8ClI |
| Molecular Weight | 314.55 g/mol |
| Purity | 99.88% |
| Appearance | Solid |
| Color | White to off-white |
| SMILES | C12=CC=CC=C1C3=CC=CC=C3[I+]2.[Cl-] |
| Signaling Pathway | Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel; Neuronal Signaling; Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; Immunology/Inflammation; NF-κB |
| Solubility | In Vitro: DMSO: 3.33 mg/mL (10.59 mM; Requires sonication and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO) H2O: < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble) |
| Storage | 4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture. In solvent: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (sealed storage, away from moisture). |
| Shipping | Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere. |
Biological Activity
Activity & Target
NOX[1] EC50: 1 to 3 μM (TRPA1)[1]
Literature Cited
Sources cited in this description and in the In Vitro & In Vivo Data tab. Peer-reviewed publications that used this product are listed under References.
Safety
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, and not for human or veterinary use. Handle in accordance with the Safety Data Sheet and your institution's chemical hygiene plan.
In Vitro
| Solvent | Solubility | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 3.33 mg/mL (10.59 mM) | requires sonication and warming and heat to 60°C; use freshly opened DMSO (absorbed moisture lowers solubility) |
| H2O | < 0.1 mg/mL | insoluble |
Aliquot the stock solution and store it at -80°C (up to 1 year) or -20°C (up to 6 months); sealed storage, away from moisture; avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
In Vivo
Choose the formulation that suits the animal model and route of administration; percentages are volume ratios of the final working solution. Start from a clear DMSO stock (see In Vitro above), add the co-solvents one at a time in the order listed, mixing after each addition, and prepare the working solution fresh on the day of dosing. If precipitation or phase separation occurs, gentle warming or sonication can help.
Protocol 1
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% saline |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 0.33 mg/mL (1.05 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 0.33 mg/mL (saturation not determined). For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (3.3 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300; then 50 μL Tween-80; then 450 μL saline to bring the volume to 1 mL. Saline: dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH2O and make up to 100 mL. |
Protocol 2
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 0.33 mg/mL (1.05 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 0.33 mg/mL (saturation not determined). Use with caution if continuous dosing will exceed two weeks. For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (3.3 mg/mL) to 900 μL corn oil. |
Direct preparation of the working solution
These formulations are prepared directly, without a DMSO stock; use them promptly after preparation.
Protocol 3
| Composition | 50% PEG300 + 50% saline |
|---|---|
| Result | 10 mg/mL (31.79 mM); suspension; requires sonication |
Data provided by the manufacturer.
In Vitro
Diphenyleneiodonium chloride is an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX) and a TRPA1 activator as well (EC50 of 1 to 3 μM). Applied to HEK-TRPA1 cells at 0.03 to 10 μM, Diphenyleneiodonium chloride effectively induces a Ca2+ response, but it evokes no Ca2+ response in control HEK cells, even at the relatively high dose of 10 μM[1]. Including Diphenyleneiodonium chloride in the co-cultures significantly inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preOL apoptosis. Diphenyleneiodonium chloride treatment significantly attenuates LPS-induced O2- production by 2.0-fold, bringing it to within 27% of the controls[2].
In Vivo
Intraplantar injection of Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (2 mM) into the hindpaw causes licking or biting behavior[1]. Given immediately or 24 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, Diphenyleneiodonium chloride significantly attenuates the LPS-induced loss of O4 positive cells. Treatment either immediately or 24 h after LPS injection also significantly ameliorates LPS-induced disorganization of white matter nerve fibers. Treatment with DPI at 48 h after LPS injection, in contrast, does not appear to correct the LPS-induced white matter damage. DPI given immediately or 24 h after LPS injection significantly reduces accumulation of both gp91phox and p67phox in the membrane fraction[2].
Data provided by the manufacturer. Numbered citations refer to the Literature Cited list in the product description.
Cell Assay[2]
Co-culture purified microglia and preOLs in a Transwell system, with three groups: control, LPS-activated (lipopolysaccharide), and LPS plus Diphenyleneiodonium chloride. Culture microglia in Transwells over established preOL layers and expose them to LPS (100 ng/mL), LPS+Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (10 μM), or leave them untreated. After 48 h of incubation, collect the medium supernatants and cellular protein fractions from the co-cultures for further analysis[2].
Animal Administration[1]
Place ddy mice (6 to 7 wk of age) individually in transparent cages for 30 min before experiments. Inject 10 μL Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (2 mM; Kolliphor EL with 20% DMSO as solvent) intraplantarly into the right hindpaw, with or without intraperitoneal HC030031 (300 mg/kg, given 0.5 h before the Diphenyleneiodonium chloride injection; solvent: saline with 0.5% methyl cellulose). Record the time spent licking or biting the injected paw for 45 min after injection[1].
Data provided by the manufacturer. Numbered citations refer to the Literature Cited list in the product description.
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