| Field | Specification |
|---|---|
| Alternative names | L-Homocarnosine TFA |
| CAS no. | |
| Applications | |
| Source | Endogenous metabolite |
| Molecular weight | |
| Molecular formula | C12H17F3N4O5 |
| Activity | |
| Form | Solid |
| Storage | |
| Shipping | |
| Catalog no. (Mfr.) | |
| Main SKU |
Compound Overview
Homocarnosine TFA (L-Homocarnosine TFA) is a dipeptide of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine unique to the brain. It is an inhibitory neuromodulator synthesized in neurons from GABA and exhibits anticonvulsant effects[1], along with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, prevention of DNA damage, and inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation[2]. It is supplied as a white to off-white solid (C12H17F3N4O5, MW 354.28).
Physical & Chemical Properties
| CAS Number | 2991254-59-0 |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C12H17F3N4O5 |
| Molecular Weight | 354.28 g/mol |
| Appearance | Solid |
| Color | White to off-white |
| Structure Classification | Others |
| Sequence | His-{N-(4-aminobutyryl)} |
| Sequence (one-letter) | H-{N-(4-aminobutyryl)} |
| Signaling Pathway | Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel; Neuronal Signaling; Metabolic Enzyme/Protease |
| Bioactivity Class | Human Endogenous Metabolite |
| Initial Source | Endogenous metabolite |
| Solubility | In Vitro: H2O: 125 mg/mL (352.83 mM; Requires sonication) DMSO: 50 mg/mL (141.13 mM; Requires sonication; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO) |
| Storage | -20°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen. In solvent: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light, stored under nitrogen). |
| Shipping | Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere. |
Literature Cited
Sources cited in this description and in the In Vitro & In Vivo Data tab. Peer-reviewed publications that used this product are listed under References.
Safety
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, and not for human or veterinary use. Handle in accordance with the Safety Data Sheet and your institution's chemical hygiene plan.
In Vitro
| Solvent | Solubility | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| H2O | 125 mg/mL (352.83 mM) | requires sonication |
| DMSO | 50 mg/mL (141.13 mM) | requires sonication; use freshly opened DMSO (absorbed moisture lowers solubility) |
Aliquot the stock solution and store it at -80°C (up to 6 months) or -20°C (up to 1 month); protect from light, stored under nitrogen; avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
If water is used as the stock solvent, dilute to the working solution and sterilize it through a 0.22 μm filter before use.
In Vivo
Choose the formulation that suits the animal model and route of administration; percentages are volume ratios of the final working solution. Start from a clear DMSO stock (see In Vitro above), add the co-solvents one at a time in the order listed, mixing after each addition, and prepare the working solution fresh on the day of dosing. If precipitation or phase separation occurs, gentle warming or sonication can help.
Protocol 1
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% saline |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (3.53 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (saturation not determined). For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (12.5 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300; then 50 μL Tween-80; then 450 μL saline to bring the volume to 1 mL. Saline: dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH2O and make up to 100 mL. |
Protocol 2
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline) |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (3.53 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (saturation not determined). For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (12.5 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in saline. 20% SBE-β-CD in saline: dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD powder in 10 mL saline until clear (4°C, store up to one week). |
Protocol 3
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (3.53 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (saturation not determined). Use with caution if continuous dosing will exceed two weeks. For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (12.5 mg/mL) to 900 μL corn oil. |
Direct preparation of the working solution
These formulations are prepared directly, without a DMSO stock; use them promptly after preparation.
Protocol 4
| Composition | PBS |
|---|---|
| Result | 25 mg/mL (70.57 mM); clear solution; requires sonication |
Data provided by the manufacturer.
In Vitro
Homocarnosine is a dipeptide of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine that acts as an inhibitory neuromodulator and is synthesized in subclasses of GABAergic neurons[1]. Homocarnosine serves as a potent alternative imidazole peptide for skeletal muscle owing to its structural similarity to Carnosine. Homocarnosine consists of GABA and histidine, and its structure resembles that of Carnosine, differing only by an extra carbon atom in GABA compared with the β-alanine of carnosine. Homocarnosine is more resistant to degradation by serum carnosinase than Carnosine. Homocarnosine is known to occur exclusively in brain and cerebrospinal fluid and acts as a neuroprotective agent across a broad range of disease conditions. Homocarnosine exerts antioxidant activity and prevents DNA oxidative damage to a similar extent as Carnosine[2].
Data provided by the manufacturer. Numbered citations refer to the Literature Cited list in the product description.
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Lithocholic acid phenocopies anti-ageing effects of calorie restriction. Nature 2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. PMID: 39695227
