| Field | Specification |
|---|---|
| Alternative names | DUR-928 trimethylamine |
| Applications | |
| Source | Endogenous metabolite |
| Molecular weight | |
| Molecular formula | C27H46O5S.0.45C3H9N |
| Purity | |
| SMILES | |
| Form | Solid |
| Storage | |
| Shipping | |
| Catalog no. (Mfr.) | |
| Main SKU |
Compound Overview
Larsucosterol trimethylamine, also known as DUR-928 trimethylamine, is a cholesterol metabolite that acts as a potent antagonist of the liver X receptor (LXR). As a potent endogenous regulator, it decreases lipogenesis and inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis by lowering mRNA levels and blocking activation of SREBP-1[1][2][3]. It is supplied as an off-white to yellow solid (formula C27H46O5S.0.45C3H9N, MW 509.32) at 97.0% purity.
Physical & Chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C27H46O5S.0.45C3H9N |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | 509.32 g/mol |
| Purity | 97.0% |
| Appearance | Solid |
| Color | Off-white to yellow |
| Structure Classification | Steroids |
| SMILES | C[C@@]12[C@](CC[C@]2([H])[C@H](C)CCCC(C)(O)C)([H])[C@@]3([H])[C@@](CC1)([H])[C@@]4(C(C[C@H](CC4)OS(=O)(O)=O)=CC3)C.CN(C)C.[0.45] |
| Signaling Pathway | Vitamin D Related/Nuclear Receptor; Metabolic Enzyme/Protease |
| Initial Source | Endogenous metabolite |
| Solubility | In Vitro: DMSO: 33.33 mg/mL (65.44 mM; Requires sonication; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO) |
| Storage | 4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture. In solvent: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). |
| Shipping | Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere. |
Literature Cited
Sources cited in this description and in the In Vitro & In Vivo Data tab. Peer-reviewed publications that used this product are listed under References.
Safety
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, and not for human or veterinary use. Handle in accordance with the Safety Data Sheet and your institution's chemical hygiene plan.
In Vitro
| Solvent | Solubility | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 33.33 mg/mL (65.44 mM) | requires sonication; use freshly opened DMSO (absorbed moisture lowers solubility) |
Aliquot the stock solution and store it at -80°C (up to 6 months) or -20°C (up to 1 month); sealed storage, away from moisture; avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
In Vivo
Choose the formulation that suits the animal model and route of administration; percentages are volume ratios of the final working solution. Start from a clear DMSO stock (see In Vitro above), add the co-solvents one at a time in the order listed, mixing after each addition, and prepare the working solution fresh on the day of dosing. If precipitation or phase separation occurs, gentle warming or sonication can help.
Protocol 1
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% saline |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.91 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation not determined). For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300; then 50 μL Tween-80; then 450 μL saline to bring the volume to 1 mL. Saline: dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH2O and make up to 100 mL. |
Protocol 2
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline) |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.91 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation not determined). For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in saline. 20% SBE-β-CD in saline: dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD powder in 10 mL saline until clear (4°C, store up to one week). |
Protocol 3
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.91 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation not determined). Use with caution if continuous dosing will exceed two weeks. For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL corn oil. |
Data provided by the manufacturer.
In Vitro
In HepG2 cells, Larsucosterol trimethylamine (DUR-928; 0-25 μM; 8 h) inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis through a decrease in HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels, and free [14C] cholesterol is also decreased in a dose-dependent manner[1]. HMG-CoA reductase expression is inhibited by Larsucosterol trimethylamine (0-25 μM; 6 h; HepG2 cells) through inhibition of both SREBP1 activation and expression in hepatocytes[1]. Cell proliferation is increased and apoptosis is decreased in macrophages by Larsucosterol trimethylamine (0-50 μM; 48 h)[2]. Activation of the liver oxysterol receptor LXRα is inhibited by Larsucosterol trimethylamine (0-25 μM; 48 h; macrophages)[2].
Cell Proliferation Assay[2]
| Cell Line | Macrophages |
|---|---|
| Concentration | 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 μM |
| Incubation Time | 48 hours |
| Result | Induces cell proliferation and relative cell number after treatment for 48 h were 120% at 25 μM. |
Apoptosis Analysis[2]
| Cell Line | Macrophages |
|---|---|
| Concentration | 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μM |
| Incubation Time | 48 hours |
| Result | Did not significantly affect the numbers of apoptotic or live cells. |
Western Blot Analysis[1]
| Cell Line | HepG2 cells |
|---|---|
| Concentration | 0, 3, 6, 12, and 25 μM |
| Incubation Time | 6 hours |
| Result | Inhibited the activation of SREBP-1 and SREBP-2, and subsequently inhibit the expression HMG-CoA reductase. |
Western Blot Analysis[2]
| Cell Line | Macrophages |
|---|---|
| Concentration | 0, 3, 6, 12, and 25 μM |
| Incubation Time | 48 hours |
| Result | Decreased LXRα levels in the nuclei in a does-dependent manner. |
In Vivo
In a nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) model in C57BL/6J mice, Larsucosterol trimethylamine (DUR-928; 25 mg/kg; i.p.; twice in 14 hours) decreases serum lipid levels in mice receiving a high-fat diet[3]. Larsucosterol trimethylamine (25 mg/kg; i.p.; twice in 14 hours) suppresses the expression of the genes and inhibits ABCA1 expression in C57BL/6J mice with a nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) model. In liver tissue, Larsucosterol decreases the protein levels of nuclear SREBP-1 and of cytoplasmic FAS and ACC1[3]. In C57BL/6J mice with a nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) model, the liver is protected from injury by Larsucosterol trimethylamine (25 mg/kg; i.p.; once every 3 days for 6 weeks) through suppression of hepatic inflammation[3].
| Animal Model | Female C57BL/6J mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) model[3] |
|---|---|
| Dosage | 25 mg/kg |
| Administration | Intraperitoneal injection; twice in 14 hours |
| Result | Decreased plasma TG, CHOL, and HDL-C by 40, 15, and 20%, respectively. Reduced the mRNA levels of SREBP-1c, ACC1, and FAS by 46, 57, and 49%, respectively. Suppressed ABCA1 expression. Suppressed nuclear SREBP-1, cytoplasmic ACC1, and FAS protein levels by 74, 58, and 47%, respectively. |
| Animal Model | Female C57BL/6J mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) model[3] |
|---|---|
| Dosage | 25 mg/kg |
| Administration | Intraperitoneal injection; once every 3 days for 6 weeks |
| Result | Decreased plasma cholesterol levels. Reduced serum alkaline phosphatase, ALT, and AST levels. |
Data provided by the manufacturer. Numbered citations refer to the Literature Cited list in the product description.
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