Protein G Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

What it means: Iron Oxide Nanoparticles are colloidal superparamagnetic nanoparticles (typically 5–30 nm) composed of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and/or maghemite (Fe₂O₃). At this size range they exhibit superparamagnetism — they magnetize in an applied field but retain no remanence when the field is removed.

Why it matters:

• Superparamagnetic behavior prevents particle aggregation between uses — key for stable aqueous dispersions.
• Nanoparticle size governs MRI relaxivity, circulation time in vivo, and cellular uptake behavior.
• Surface chemistry determines aqueous dispersibility, colloidal stability, and available conjugation strategies.
• Narrow size distribution (from thermal decomposition synthesis) gives more predictable and reproducible performance than co-precipitation methods.

How to interpret here: This product is an Iron Oxide Nanoparticle format. The selected surface group and particle size are the primary selectors for application fit. Review the specification sheet for zeta potential and colloidal stability data in your intended buffer system.

Tip: Colloidal stability depends strongly on buffer ionic strength and pH. Always test the particles in your specific assay buffer before scaling up.

What it means: Protein G is a bacterial surface protein from Streptococcus that binds specifically to the Fc region of IgG antibodies from a broad range of mammalian species. Covalent coupling to the particle surface exposes Protein G's IgG-binding domains for Fc-mediated antibody capture.

Why it matters:

• Binds IgG from human, mouse, rat, rabbit, bovine, goat, and other species — broad species compatibility.
• Fc-region binding leaves the antigen-binding (Fab) domains free, enabling functional antibody–antigen interaction after capture.
• Higher affinity for IgG subclasses (e.g., mouse IgG1, human IgG3) that Protein A binds poorly.
• Non-covalent binding is reversible with low-pH glycine buffer, enabling antibody recovery.

How to interpret here: This product has Protein G surface chemistry — it is pre-conjugated and ready for antibody capture. Check your antibody's species and isotype to confirm Protein G compatibility. Elution with pH 2.0–2.5 glycine buffer releases bound IgG for downstream purification.

Tip: Protein G also binds albumin from some species. If working with serum or plasma samples, a pre-clearing step with plain beads or blocking with irrelevant IgG may reduce non-specific binding.

What it means: Particle Size refers to the mean hydrodynamic diameter of the particle in suspension. Available sizes: 10 nm–30 nm.

Why it matters:

• Nanoparticle size determines superparamagnetic relaxivity, surface area, and in vivo behavior.
• Smaller particles have higher surface area per mg — more binding sites per weight of material.
• Larger particles settle faster under gravity and separate faster with a magnet.
• Select size based on your magnetic separation speed requirements, surface area needs, and assay geometry.

How to interpret here: This product is available in 10 nm–30 nm. Smaller sizes remain suspended longer and provide more surface area per mg for conjugation or MRI contrast. Larger sizes separate faster with a magnet.

Tip: Particle size is measured by DLS (dynamic light scattering) and represents the hydrodynamic diameter, which includes surface coating — actual iron core size is smaller as shown in TEM measurements in the specification sheet.

What it means: Pre-conjugated means the binding ligand (streptavidin, Protein G, or another affinity ligand) has already been covalently coupled to the particle surface during manufacturing. No additional conjugation step is needed before use in your assay.

Why it matters:

• Ready-to-use for target capture immediately after resuspension — fastest path to assay results.
• Covalent ligand attachment prevents leaching or dissociation under assay conditions.
• Quality-controlled coupling ensures consistent binding capacity lot-to-lot.
• Saves time and reduces protocol variability compared to performing your own coupling.

How to interpret here: This product is Pre-conjugated. Simply resuspend (bath sonication recommended) and use directly in your capture protocol. No EDC, NHS, or crosslinker is needed. Confirm working concentration in your specific assay format.

Tip: Store at 2–8°C without freezing. Binding activity can be verified by a simple pull-down test using a known amount of biotinylated or IgG target before committing to full assay development.

What it means: Aqueous dispersion means this product is supplied as a colloidal suspension in an aqueous buffer (typically PBS, DI water, or a proprietary storage buffer). The particles are dispersed and ready for use in water-based biological applications without any solvent exchange step.

Why it matters:

• Compatible directly with cell culture media, PBS, HEPES, and other standard biological buffers.
• No solvent exchange or phase transfer required before use in aqueous assay protocols.
• Aqueous colloidal stability maintained by surface coating (polymer, PEG, or functional group layer).
• Bath sonication before use ensures complete resuspension after storage sedimentation.

How to interpret here: This product is in Aqueous dispersion. It can be used directly in your assay buffer after resuspension. Confirm compatibility with your specific buffer conditions (ionic strength, pH, protein concentration) by checking the product specification sheet or running a small-scale stability test.

Tip: High ionic strength buffers (>500 mM) or pH extremes outside the specification range may compromise colloidal stability. Always validate in your specific matrix.

What it means: Applications list the primary experimental workflows this product has been used for: Immunoassay, Immunoprecipitation, Cell Separation.

Why it matters:

• Immunoassay: this product can directly support this workflow based on its surface chemistry and particle properties.
• Immunoprecipitation: this product can directly support this workflow based on its surface chemistry and particle properties.
• Cell Separation: this product can directly support this workflow based on its surface chemistry and particle properties.

How to interpret here: This product is suited for the listed applications. The most relevant for this product are Immunoassay, Immunoprecipitation. Review the application-specific protocol in the Documents section before beginning workflow development.

Tip: Application suitability depends on specific experimental conditions (buffer, sample matrix, target concentration). Always validate at pilot scale before full assay development.