| Field | Specification |
|---|---|
| Target | |
| Alternative names | Tauroursodeoxycholic acid dihydrate; TUDCA dihydrate; UR 906 dihydrate |
| CAS no. | |
| Applications | |
| Source | Endogenous metabolite |
| Molecular weight | |
| Molecular formula | C26H49NO8S |
| Purity | |
| Activity | |
| SMILES | |
| Form | Solid |
| Storage | |
| Shipping | |
| Catalog no. (Mfr.) | |
| Main SKU |
Compound Overview
Tauroursodeoxycholate dihydrate, also known as Tauroursodeoxycholic acid dihydrate, TUDCA dihydrate, and UR 906 dihydrate, is an orally active taurine conjugate of Ursodeoxycholic acid. It inhibits caspase-3/7, apoptosis, and IRE1α/TRAF2/NF-κB signaling, prevents JNK phosphorylation, inhibits ROS generation, and activates Akt signaling. It also prevents cataract formation, reduces renal tubular damage in type 2 diabetic mice, reduces I/R injury in the liver, and inhibits intestinal inflammation and barrier disruption in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. It is supplied as a white to off-white solid (C26H49NO8S, MW 535.73) at 99.96% purity.
Physical & Chemical Properties
| CAS Number | 117609-50-4 |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C26H49NO8S |
| Molecular Weight | 535.73 g/mol |
| Purity | 99.96% |
| Appearance | Solid |
| Color | White to off-white |
| Structure Classification | Steroids |
| SMILES | C[C@H](CCC(NCCS(=O)(O)=O)=O)[C@H]1CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C.O.O |
| Target | Caspase-3, Caspase-7, IRE1α |
| Signaling Pathway | Apoptosis; Metabolic Enzyme/Protease; Cell Cycle/DNA Damage; NF-κB; MAPK/ERK Pathway; Immunology/Inflammation; PI3K/Akt/mTOR |
| Bioactivity Class | Human Endogenous Metabolite |
| Initial Source | Endogenous metabolite |
| Solubility | In Vitro: DMSO: 83.33 mg/mL (155.54 mM; Requires sonication; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO) |
| Storage | Powder: -20°C, 3 years; 4°C, 2 years. In solvent: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. |
| Shipping | Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere. |
Literature Cited
Sources cited in this description and in the In Vitro & In Vivo Data tab. Peer-reviewed publications that used this product are listed under References.
Safety
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, and not for human or veterinary use. Handle in accordance with the Safety Data Sheet and your institution's chemical hygiene plan.
In Vitro
| Solvent | Solubility | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 83.33 mg/mL (155.54 mM) | requires sonication; use freshly opened DMSO (absorbed moisture lowers solubility) |
Aliquot the stock solution and store it at -80°C (up to 6 months) or -20°C (up to 1 month); avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
In Vivo
Choose the formulation that suits the animal model and route of administration; percentages are volume ratios of the final working solution. Start from a clear DMSO stock (see In Vitro above), add the co-solvents one at a time in the order listed, mixing after each addition, and prepare the working solution fresh on the day of dosing. If precipitation or phase separation occurs, gentle warming or sonication can help.
Protocol 1
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% saline |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.88 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation not determined). For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300; then 50 μL Tween-80; then 450 μL saline to bring the volume to 1 mL. Saline: dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH2O and make up to 100 mL. |
Protocol 2
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline) |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.88 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation not determined). For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in saline. 20% SBE-β-CD in saline: dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD powder in 10 mL saline until clear (4°C, store up to one week). |
Protocol 3
| Composition | 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil |
|---|---|
| Result | ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.88 mM); clear solution |
| How to prepare | Gives a clear solution at ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation not determined). Use with caution if continuous dosing will exceed two weeks. For 1 mL of working solution: add 100 μL DMSO stock (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL corn oil. |
Data provided by the manufacturer.
In Vitro
In isolated hepatocytes, Tauroursodeoxycholate (5 μM) dihydrate causes a sustained rise in [Ca2+]i[1]. Tauroursodeoxycholate (50 μM; 4 h) dihydrate lessens Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis in primary human hepatocytes, shown by reduced oligonucleosomal DNA cleavage[4]. Tauroursodeoxycholate (50-500 μM) dihydrate blocks Clostridioides difficile toxin-induced caspase-3/7 activation in Caco-2 and HCT116 cells[5]. In Caco-2 cells co-stimulated with Palmitic acid and LPS, Tauroursodeoxycholate (500 mM; 6-hour co-stimulation) dihydrate dampens the increased expression of inflammation-related factors and innate immunity components[9]. In LPS-activated Kupffer cells, Tauroursodeoxycholate (0-100 μM; 24 h) dihydrate suppresses inflammatory factor expression and IRE1α/TRAF2/NF-κB pathway activity in a dose-dependent manner[10].
In Vivo
Tauroursodeoxycholate (500 mg/kg; s.c.; every 3 days or daily) dihydrate maintains photoreceptor structure and function and lowers apoptosis in the retinal degeneration models of rd1 and rd10 mice and s334ter-3 and P23H-3 rats, and prevents lens epithelial cell death as well as cataract formation in galactosemic rats[2]. In a mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Tauroursodeoxycholate (250 mg/kg; i.p.; twice a day; 8 weeks) dihydrate lessens renal tubular injury[7]. In C57BL/6 GSTP null mice, Tauroursodeoxycholate (50 mg/kg; i.p.; once a day; 3 days) dihydrate blocks MPTP-induced JNK phosphorylation, impairs ROS production, switches on Akt signaling, and protects against MPTP-induced dopaminergic degeneration[8]. In C57BL/6J mice, Tauroursodeoxycholate (1000 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily; 4 weeks) dihydrate lessens HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, obesity, and insulin resistance, improves intestinal barrier function, lowers intestinal fat transport, and modulates the composition of gut microbiota[9]. In male Balb/c mice, Tauroursodeoxycholate (400 mg/kg; i.p.; once per day; 3 days) dihydrate relieves hepatic I/R injury, lowers liver function markers, hepatocyte apoptosis and proinflammatory factors, and suppresses Kupffer cell function by down-regulating the IRE1α/TRAF2/NF-κB pathway[10].
| Animal Model | Male db/db (C57BLKS/J-LepRdb/LepRdb) mice (6 weeks old) with type 2 diabetes; age-matched lean non-diabetic littermates db/m (C57BLKS/J-LepRdb/+) mice as normal control[7] |
|---|---|
| Dosage | 250 mg/kg |
| Administration | Intraperitoneal injection, twice a day, 8 weeks |
| Result | Significantly reduced blood glucose and albuminuria. Ameliorated renal histopathological changes including mesangial cell proliferation, mesangial matrix expansion, and collagen deposition. Decreased expression of ER stress markers (GRP78, CHOP) and ER stress-associated apoptotic markers (cleaved caspase12, cleaved caspase3). Reduced number of TUNEL-positive tubular cells. |
Data provided by the manufacturer. Numbered citations refer to the Literature Cited list in the product description.
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